Forage systems for cow-calf production in the Appalachian region

¹ Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0306
² Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0442
³ Shenandoah Valley Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Steeles Tavern, VA 24476
⁴ Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0404
⁵ USDA-ARS Appalachian Farming Systems Research Center, Beaver, WV 25813

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: billgs{at}vt.edu.

	Abstract

Small cow-calf operations are common in the Appalachian region. Tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh) is the dominant forage in these systems for direct grazing as well as for stockpiling. The present study was conducted from 2001 to 2005. One hundred and eight Angus and Angus crossbred cows were allotted randomly to 6 forage systems and then to 3 replicates within each system. In brief, System 1 had a stocking rate of 0.91 ha/cow in a Middleburg 3-paddock (A, B, and C) system. System 2 was similar to System 1 except for a stocking rate of 0.71 ha/cow. A stocking rate of 0.71 ha/cow also was used in Systems 3 through 6. All A paddocks had tall fescue while B paddocks had tall fescue/white clover (Trifolium repens L.) except in System 6 that had tall fescue/lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.-Cours.) G. Don). System 3 evaluated a two-paddock (A and B) rotational grazing system and System 4, a three-paddock (A, B, and C) rotational grazing system with paddock C containing orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Systems 5 and 6 differed from System 2 in areas of paddocks B and C as well as in the forage mixtures used. In paddock C, System 5 had switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and System 6 had tall fescue and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). System 1 had the greatest average herbage availability from weaning until breeding (P < 0.05) with the least amount of hay fed (P = 0.03) when compared to the reminder of the systems. Differences (P > 0.05) in percent ground cover were not detected between systems. There was no year x system interaction effect on cow or calf performance variables evaluated and no treatment effect on cow performance variables. There was a treatment effect of calf performance variables. System 2 produced the greatest adjusted weaning weight, kg calf weaned/ha, and kg calf/kg cow at weaning (P < 0.05). Numerical ranking for total calf production per hectare from the greatest to least was System 2, 6, 3, 5, 4, and 1. Systems evaluated did not affect cow performance although differences in calf performance and overall productivity of the systems were observed.

Key Words: Appalachia, beef cattle, cow-calf systems, forages, tall fescue

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