Evaluation of calving seasons and marketing strategies in Northern Great Plains beef enterprises: I. Cow-calf systems

¹ Animal and Range Sciences Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-2900
² Agricultural Economics and Economics Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-2920

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mwtess{at}montana.edu.

	Abstract

A bio-economic computer model was used to evaluate alternate calving seasons in a cow-calf enterprise under range conditions representative of the Northern Great Plains. The simulated ranch utilized a rotational breeding system based on Hereford and Angus, and had a fixed forage base (4,500 animal unit months native range, 520 t grass hay, 185 t alfalfa hay). Calving seasons studied were spring (SP, beginning March 15), summer (SU, beginning May 15), and fall (FA, beginning August 15). Weaning dates were October 31, December 15, and February 1, for SP, SU, and FA. The SP system was also simulated with a 5% increase in calf mortality (SP-IM), and SU with early weaning on October 31 (SU-EW). Herd size for the fixed resource was 509, 523, 519, 560, and 609 cows exposed per year for SP, SP-IM, SU, SU-EW, and FA, respectively. Corresponding values for weight weaned per cow exposed were 206, 186, 193, 153, and 145 kg. Steer calves, non-replacement heifer calves, and cull cows were sold at weaning time. Quarterly cattle and feed prices used were representative of the peak, descending, valley, and ascending phases of the 1990's cattle cycle adjusted for inflation. Estimates of ranch gross margin (RGM, gross returns minus variable costs) were greatest for SP, followed by SP-IM, SU, SU-EW, and FA, and ranks were consistent across phases of the cattle cycle. Differences between RGM for SP-IM and SU were small. In beef enterprises representative of the Northern Great Plains, with a restricted grazing season, limited access to low-cost high quality grazable forage, and with calves sold at weaning, switching from early spring to a summer or fall calving date is not expected to improve profitability. If delaying calving improves calf survival calving in early summer may be a competitive choice.

Key Words: beef cattle, calving season, marketing, systems

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