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Journal of Animal Science, Vol 73, Issue 9 2804-2819, Copyright © 1995 by American Society of Animal Science

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Regulation of organic nutrient metabolism during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation

A. W. Bell
Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-4801, USA.

Conceptus energy and nitrogen demands in late pregnancy are mostly met by placental uptake of maternal glucose and amino acids. The resulting 30 to 50% increase in maternal requirements for these nutrients is met partly by increased voluntary intake and partly by an array of maternal metabolic adaptations. The latter include increased hepatic gluconeogenesis from endogenous substrates, decreased peripheral tissue glucose utilization, increased fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue, and, possibly, increased amino acid mobilization from muscle. Within 4 d of parturition, mammary demands for glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids are several-fold those of the pregnant uterus before term. Even unusual postparturient increases in voluntary intake cannot satisfy this increased nutrient demand. Therefore, rates of hepatic gluconeogenesis and adipose fat mobilization are greatly accelerated. Concomitant changes in amino acid metabolism include increased hepatic protein synthesis and, possibly, decreased amino acid catabolism, and increased peripheral mobilization of amino acids. Insulin resistance in adipose tissue and muscle, developed during late pregnancy, continues postpartum; adipose lipolytic responsiveness and sensitivity to adrenergic agents are increased postpartum beyond their levels during late pregnancy. Before parturition, these homeorhetic adjustments may be coordinated with lactogenesis by increased secretion of estradiol and prolactin. Their amplification and reinforcement at and soon after parturition may be regulated mostly by somatotropin.


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B. J. Leury, L. H. Baumgard, S. S. Block, N. Segoale, R. A. Ehrhardt, R. P. Rhoads, D. E. Bauman, A. W. Bell, and Y. R. Boisclair
Effect of insulin and growth hormone on plasma leptin in periparturient dairy cows
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, November 1, 2003; 285(5): R1107 - R1115.
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M. S. Gulay, M. J. Hayen, L. C. Teixeira, C. J. Wilcox, and H. H. Head
Responses of Holstein Cows to a Low Dose of Somatotropin (bST) Prepartum and Postpartum
J Dairy Sci, October 1, 2003; 86(10): 3195 - 3205.
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G. Bernal-Santos, J. W. Perfield II, D. M. Barbano, D. E. Bauman, and T. R. Overton
Production Responses of Dairy Cows to Dietary Supplementation with Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) During the Transition Period and Early Lactation
J Dairy Sci, October 1, 2003; 86(10): 3218 - 3228.
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R. M. Hoffman, D. S. Kronfeld, W. L. Cooper, and P. A. Harris
Glucose clearance in grazing mares is affected by diet, pregnancy, and lactation
J Anim Sci, July 1, 2003; 81(7): 1764 - 1771.
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M. M. Pickett, M. S. Piepenbrink, and T. R. Overton
Effects of Propylene Glycol or Fat Drench on Plasma Metabolites, Liver Composition, and Production of Dairy Cows During the Periparturient Period
J Dairy Sci, June 1, 2003; 86(6): 2113 - 2121.
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M. S. Piepenbrink and T. R. Overton
Liver Metabolism and Production of Cows Fed Increasing Amounts of Rumen-Protected Choline During the Periparturient Period
J Dairy Sci, May 1, 2003; 86(5): 1722 - 1733.
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A. Hayirli, R. R. Grummer, E. V. Nordheim, and P. M. Crump
Models for Predicting Dry Matter Intake of Holsteins During the Prefresh Transition Period
J Dairy Sci, May 1, 2003; 86(5): 1771 - 1779.
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C. K. Reynolds, P. C. Aikman, B. Lupoli, D. J. Humphries, and D. E. Beever
Splanchnic Metabolism of Dairy Cows During the Transition From Late Gestation Through Early Lactation
J Dairy Sci, April 1, 2003; 86(4): 1201 - 1217.
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A. Hayirli, R. R. Grummer, E. V. Nordheim, and P. M. Crump
Animal and Dietary Factors Affecting Feed Intake During the Prefresh Transition Period in Holsteins
J Dairy Sci, December 1, 2002; 85(12): 3430 - 3443.
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 Physiol. GenomicsHome page
C. Agca, R. B. Greenfield, J. R. Hartwell, and S. S. Donkin
Cloning and characterization of bovine cytosolic and mitochondrial PEPCK during transition to lactation
Physiol Genomics, October 29, 2002; 11(2): 53 - 63.
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D. G. Mashek, S. J. Bertics, and R. R. Grummer
Metabolic Fate of Long-Chain Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Effects on Palmitic Acid Metabolism and Gluconeogenesis in Bovine Hepatocytes
J Dairy Sci, September 1, 2002; 85(9): 2283 - 2289.
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L. Doepel, H. Lapierre, and J. J. Kennelly
Peripartum Performance and Metabolism of Dairy Cows in Response to Prepartum Energy and Protein Intake
J Dairy Sci, September 1, 2002; 85(9): 2315 - 2334.
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P. E. Hartmann, J. L. Sherriff, and L. R. Mitoulas
Homeostatic Mechanisms that Regulate Lactation during Energetic Stress
J. Nutr., February 1, 1998; 128(2): 394 - 394.
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