J. Anim Sci.
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

J. Anim Sci. 2008. 86:2270-2276. doi:10.2527/jas.2007-0017
© 2008 American Society of Animal Science
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
jas.2007-0017v1
86/9/2270    most recent
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Depenbusch, B. E.
Right arrow Articles by Quinn, M. J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Depenbusch, B. E.
Right arrow Articles by Quinn, M. J.

ANIMAL NUTRITION

Efficacy of monensin and tylosin in finishing diets based on steam-flaked corn with and without corn wet distillers grains with solubles1

B. E. Depenbusch*, J. S. Drouillard*,2, E. R. Loe*, J. J. Higgins{ddagger}, M. E. Corrigan* and M. J. Quinn*

* Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, and {ddagger} Department of Statistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 LITERATURE CITED
 
Three hundred seventy-one crossbred-yearling heifers (299 ± 9 kg initial BW) were obtained from a common source and used in a randomized complete-block designed finishing study. A 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments was used with one factor being diet: based on steam-flaked corn finishing diet (SFC) or SFC plus 25% (dry basis) corn wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS). The second factor was feed additives: no added antibiotics (NONE), 300 mg of monensin daily (MONENSIN), or 300 mg of monensin + 90 mg of tylosin daily (MON+TYL). Main effect of diet resulted in no difference in DMI (P = 0.34). Heifers fed SFC gained 9% faster (P = 0.01) and were 7% more efficient (P = 0.01) than heifers fed WDGS. In addition, heifers fed SFC had 3% heavier (P = 0.01) HCW; 1% greater (P = 0.01) dress yield; and had 3% larger (P = 0.05) LM area. Marbling score and carcasses that graded USDA Choice or better were both greater (P ≤ 0.03) for heifers fed SFC. Heifers fed MONENSIN had a smaller (P = 0.01) LM area than heifers fed NONE and tended (P = 0.09) to have smaller LM area than heifers fed MON+TYL. Marbling score, USDA quality grade, and USDA yield grade were not different (P ≥ 0.12) among feed additive treatments. Kidney, pelvic, and heart fat and s.c. fat thickness at the 12th rib were also not different (P ≥ 0.55) for main effects of diet and feed additive. There was a tendency (P = 0.09) for a diet x feed additive interaction for the most severe (A+) liver abscesses. Heifers fed NONE yielded the greatest percentage (16%) of A+ livers in the SFC treatment, whereas heifers fed MON+TYL yielded the greatest percentage (10%) in the WDGS treatment. Including wet distillers grains with solubles in diets based on steam-flaked corn decreased finishing heifer performance, HCW, and marbling. Tylosin addition tended to decrease severity of liver abscesses in diets containing SFC, but not in diets containing WDGS. These data indicate that monensin and tylosin may not be as effective when used in steam-flaked corn diets with 25% WDGS.

Key Words: distillers grains • feedlot • heifer • monensin • tylosin


   INTRODUCTION
Top
 Abstract
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 LITERATURE CITED
 
Monensin (Rumensin, Elanco Animal Health, Indianapolis, IN) and tylosin (Tylan, Elanco Animal Health) are commonly fed to finishing cattle. Monensin supplementation improves feed efficiency of cattle (Davis and Erhart, 1976Go; Raun et al., 1976Go; Delfino et al., 1988Go) and tylosin reduces liver abscesses (Brown et al., 1975Go; Brink et al., 1990Go; Vogel and Laudert, 1994Go). Since the introduction of monensin and tylosin, the composition of finishing diets has undergone many changes. Fueled by rapid expansion of the ethanol industry, distillers grains usage in diets has increased substantially over the last decade. Distillers grains, which typically contain little starch and approximately 30% CP and 10% fat (NRC, 1996Go), are commonly added to finishing diets to replace a portion of the cereal grains and protein. Replacing cereal grains with roughage generally reduces the incidence and severity of liver abscesses (Harvey et al., 1968Go; Brent, 1976Go; Zinn and Plascencia, 1996Go). Interactions between supplemental fat and ionophores have been documented by Brethour (1984)Go, Brandt et al. (1988Go, 1991)Go, and Clary et al. (1993)Go and suggest that supplemental fat reduces the effectiveness of ionophores. Fat supplementation and monensin both favor increased propionate production and decreased methane production (Richardson et al., 1976Go), resulting in increased ruminal energy efficiency. In addition, Montgomery et al. (2005)Go suggested that 5% corn germ in finishing diets reduced incidence of liver abscesses.

Our objective was to evaluate the effects of monensin and tylosin in steam-flaked corn diets and in steam-flaked corn diets containing wet distillers grains on growth performance and carcass characteristics.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
Top
 Abstract
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 LITERATURE CITED
 
The project was approved by the Kansas State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.

Three hundred seventy-one crossbred-yearling heifers (299 ± 9 kg initial BW) were obtained from a common source and used in a randomized complete-block design experiment. Treatments were arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement with 1 factor being inclusion or absence of wet distillers grains with solubles and the other being the addition of feed additives: no added antibiotics (NONE), monensin only (MONENSIN), and monensin + tylosin (MON+TYL). Monensin was fed at 300 mg daily, and tylosin was fed at 90 mg daily. Heifers were fed steam-flaked corn-based finishing diets with and without 25% (DM basis) corn-based wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS and SFC, respectively; Table 1Go). Whole corn was steam-flaked to a bulk density of 360 g/L, with an average particle size of 5,961 ± 601 µm (n = 66). Weekly samples of feed-stuffs were collected throughout the duration of the study for DM and nutrient content determination. Dry matter for corn wet distillers grains was determined by Karl Fisher titration (AquaStar Model V1B, EM Science, Gibbstown, NJ), with all other ingredients dried at 105°C for 16 h in a forced-air oven. Crude protein was determined using Leco FP-2000 nitrogen analyzer (Leco Corporation, St. Joseph, MI). Lipid content was determined using Goldfisch ether extraction method. The oven DM for corn wet distillers grains fed was 31 ± 2% (n = 17), whereas the Karl Fisher titration DM was 36% (n = 2). The nutrient composition (DM basis) of the corn wet distillers grains with solubles (n = 17) were 32 ± 2% CP; 0.7 ± 0.05% P; 13 ± 1% crude fat; and 30 ± 2% NDF. All diets were formulated to be 14% CP; however, after analyzing the weekly ingredient samples, the SFC diets were 13.2% CP and the WDGS diets were 14.1% CP.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 1. Composition of finishing diets based on steam-flaked corn, with and without 25% corn wet distillers grains, fed to yearling heifers consuming different feed additives (None,1 Monensin,2 and Monensin and Tylosin3)
 
Upon arrival at the feedlot, heifers were offered ad libitum access to long-stem prairie hay and fresh water. Approximately 44 h after arrival, cattle were identified with uniquely numbered tags in both ears, received injections of Bovishield-4 and Fortress-7 vaccines (Pfizer Animal Health, Exton, PA), were treated with Phoenectin pour-on (Phoenix Scientific Inc., St. Joseph, MO), and were implanted with Revalor IH growth implants (Intervet Inc., Millsboro, DE). One week later, all heifers received Prostamate (Phoenix Scientific Inc., St. Joseph, MO) injections. Heifers were blocked by BW and assigned randomly to treatments and pens. Fifty-four pens were used in this study, with 7 BW blocks, 9 pens per treatment, and 7 heifers per pen. However, due to reasons not related to treatments (e.g., lameness), 7 heifers did not finish the study, resulting in 7 pens containing only 6 heifers. Heifers were allowed ad libitum access to each of 5 adaptation diets leading to the final finishing diet (Table 1Go). The adaptation diets were fed for 5 d each, with a portion of the alfalfa hay being replaced with steam-flaked corn at each step. Pens were concrete-surfaced (36 m2) with overhead shade covering the bunk and half of the pen. Pens included automatic water fountains and 3.2 m of bunk space. Pen weights of cattle were taken immediately before cattle were shipped to a commercial abattoir. Dietary NEm and NEg were calculated based on heifer performance (NRC, 1984Go).

Cattle were slaughtered on d 150 at a commercial abattoir in Emporia, KS, at which time carcass data were collected. Carcass weight and liver abscess scores were obtained at the time of slaughter. Liver abscesses were scored according to the Elanco scoring system; A– = 1 or 2 small abscesses or abscess scars, A = 2 to 4 small well-organized abscesses, and A+ = 1 or more large or active abscesses with or without adhesions. Longissimus muscle area, s.c. fat thickness over 12th rib, KPH fat, marbling score, USDA quality grades, and calculated yield grades were determined following a 24-h chill. Final BW was calculated by dividing HCW by a common dress yield of 63.5%.

Statistical Analysis

Growth performance and carcass characteristics were analyzed statistically by the MIXED procedure (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Pen was the experimental unit, and block was used as the random effect. The model included the effects of diet, feed additive, and diet x feed additive and were protected by using the F-test (P < 0.05). Two contrasts statements were used to compare NONE with the average of MONENSIN and MON+TYL, and the second contrast was to compare MONENSIN with MON+TYL.


   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Top
 Abstract
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
LITERATURE CITED
 
Finishing Performance

Replacing SFC with WDGS did not affect DMI (P = 0.34; Table 2Go). Heifers fed WDGS gained less BW (P = 0.01) and were less efficient (P = 0.01) than heifers fed SFC. In addition, apparent dietary NEm and NEg based on animal performance were 6 and 7% greater (P = 0.01), respectively, for the diets with no WDGS. Monensin and tylosin supplementation did not affect (P > 0.20) DMI, ADG, or feed efficiency.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 2. Growth performance of yearling heifers fed diets containing either steam-flaked corn or a combination of steam-flaked corn and corn wet distillers grains with different feed additives (None,1 Monensin,2 and Monensin and Tylosin3)
 
Previous research from Larson et al. (1993)Go demonstrated a linear decrease in DMI when corn wet distillers grains were increased from 0 to 40% of dietary DM. Results from our study are similar to those of Lodge et al. (1997)Go and Al-Suwaiegh et al. (2002)Go in that DMI was not different when 30 and 40% of sorghum and corn distillers grains, respectively, were added to the finishing diet. Lodge et al. (1997)Go reported no improvement in ADG when 40% sorghum distillers grains were fed. Al-Suwaiegh et al. (2002)Go showed a 10% improvement in ADG; whereas, Larson et al. (1993)Go observed a tendency for a 6% improvement in ADG. In addition, Larson et al. (1993)Go and Al-Suwaiegh et al. (2002)Go both observed an improvement in feed efficiency when up to 40% of dietary DM was distillers grains. But Lodge et al. (1997)Go showed no difference in feed efficiency when sorghum wet distillers grains were fed and showed decreased feed efficiency when sorghum dry distillers grains were fed. In our study, SFC was the predominant ingredient, whereas dry-rolled corn was used by Larson et al. (1993)Go, Lodge et al. (1997)Go, and Al-Suwaiegh et al. (2002)Go. The NRC (1984Go, 1996)Go reports that steam-flaked corn has 6 and 4% greater, respectively, NEg than dry-rolled corn. Research from Barajas and Zinn (1998)Go and Zinn et al. (1998)Go suggest that the feeding value of steam-flaked corn is 10 to 16% greater than that of dry-rolled corn. Replacing a more energy dense product such as steam-flaked corn, rather than dry-rolled corn, with distillers grains may explain the poorer animal performance in our experiment, compared with the results reported by Larson et al. (1993)Go, Lodge et al. (1997)Go, and Al-Suwaiegh et al. (2002)Go.

The calculated dietary NEm and NEg based on animal performance were greater for finishing diets with no WDGS than for diets containing distillers grains with solubles. In the current study, we calculated NEm and NEg for WDGS to be 1.91 and 1.26 Mcal/kg of DM, respectively. Using the same prediction equation (NRC, 1984Go) and data from Firkins et al. (1985)Go and Al-Suwaiegh et al. (2002)Go, we calculated slightly greater values of NEm and NEg for corn wet distillers grains (2.47 and 1.69 or 2.09 and 1.41 Mcal/kg, respectively) than what we observed in our study. In addition, ruminal starch fermentation is greater for finishing diets based on steam-flaked corn when compared with dry-rolled corn (Zinn et al., 1995Go; Huntington, 1997Go; Barajas and Zinn, 1998Go). Zinn et al. (1995)Go, Barajas and Zinn (1998)Go, and Corona et al. (2006)Go observed a lower acetate:propionate ratio and lower ruminal pH for steers fed finishing diets based on steam-flaked corn rather than dry-rolled corn. Ruminal pH for cattle fed finishing diets based on steam-flaked corn is commonly observed below pH 6.0 (Zinn et al., 1995Go; Corona et al., 2006Go; Sindt et al., 2006Go). In vitro studies summarized by Russell and Wilson (1996)Go suggest a rapid decline in activity of fibrolytic organisms when pH decreased below 6.2. In addition, the optimal pH range for cellulases of ruminal bacteria is rarely below pH 6.0 (Huang et al., 1988Go; McGavin and Forsberg, 1988Go; and McGavin et al., 1989Go). The NRC (1996)Go reports an average NDF of distillers grains with solubles to be 46% (DM basis). Thus it is plausible that a large portion of the distillers grains is not digested in the rumen due to the lower ruminal pH resulting in a lower feed value in finishing diets based on steam-flaked corn.

Dry matter intake, ADG, and gain efficiency were not different (P > 0.20) for the main effect of feed additive. In addition, DMI, ADG, and gain efficiency were not different (P > 0.14) for the heifers fed with (i.e., MON-ENSIN and MON+TYL) or without (i.e., CONTROL) feed additives.

Feeding monensin has been shown to decrease DMI of finishing cattle (Gill et al., 1976Go; Heinemann et al., 1978Go; Pendlum et al., 1978Go). Owens (1980)Go suggested that monensin will decrease DMI by approximately 5 to 6%. However, in the current study monensin did not affect DMI. Early work with monensin supplementation suggests an improvement in gain efficiency of finishing cattle (Raun et al., 1976Go; Boling et al., 1977Go; Thompson and Riley, 1980Go). However, research reported by Burrin et al. (1988)Go, Stock et al. (1990)Go, and Zinn and Borques (1993)Go showed no improvement in gain efficiency when monensin was fed. Differences in the efficacy of monensin are not well understood. However, Spires et al. (1990)Go noted that improvements in gain efficiency decreased as energy density of the diet increased. In addition, Zinn et al. (1994)Go proposed that the dietary inclusion level of forage may interact with monensin and lead to variable responses, but results from their study would suggest that monensin was not affected by amount of forage. Clary et al. (1993)Go observed a significant interaction between tallow and monensin supplementation. Feed efficiency was improved by 4% when monensin was fed in the finishing diet with no tallow. However, gain efficiency was not different when monensin was fed in combination with tallow, suggesting that monensin may not be as effective when supplemental fat is included in high-concentrate diets. Brethour (1984)Go showed similar results for lasalocid, which was more effective when fed alone than when fed with fat. In the current study, monensin and tylosin had no effect on animal growth performance regardless of different dietary fat levels associated with the addition of distillers grains with solubles.

Carcass Data

Heifers fed SFC had 3% heavier HCW (P = 0.01) and 3% greater LM area (P = 0.05) than heifers fed WDGS (Table 3Go). Differences in HCW and LM area were likely due to decreased energy density of the WDGS diets. The addition of MONENSIN and MON+TYL had no effect (P = 0.38) on HCW. Dress yield for heifers fed SFC was greater (P = 0.01) than that of heifers fed WDGS; feed additives in the diet did not influence (P = 0.19) dress yield. Longissimus muscle area was greater (P = 0.05) for the CONTROL heifers when compared with the heifers fed feed additives, MONENSIN and MON+TYL, respectively. Heifers fed MONENSIN tended (P = 0.10) to have smaller LM area than heifers fed MON+TYL. This difference in LM area is difficult to explain considering HCW were not different for heifers fed diets with and without feed additives. The KPH and s.c. fat thickness were not different (P > 0.55) for the main effects or the orthogonal contrast.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 3. Carcass characteristics of yearling heifers fed diets containing either steam-flaked corn or a combination of steam-flaked corn and corn wet distillers grains with different feed additives (None,1 Monensin,2 and Monensin and Tylosin3)
 
Overall, percentages of livers with abscesses were not different (P ≥ 0.27) for main effects of diet and feed additives or for the orthogonal contrast. However, there was a tendency (P = 0.09) for a diet x feed additive interaction for the most severe (A+) liver abscesses. This tendency was driven largely by the low incidence of abscessed livers for the heifers fed SFC with MON+TYL. Tylosin inclusion reduced severely abscessed livers when fed with SFC. However, tylosin had no effect when fed with WDGS. These results suggest that tylosin may not be as effective when added to finishing diets containing moderate levels of distillers grains with solubles. It is plausible that replacing highly digestible starch in the form of steam-flaked corn with distillers grains with solubles decreases VFA concentrations (Ham et al., 1994Go) in the rumen, thereby reducing subacute acidosis and rumenitis. Rumenitis is generally considered a predisposing factor for the onset of liver abscesses (Smith, 1944Go; Jensen et al., 1954aGo,bGo; Tan et al., 1996Go).

Marbling score and number of carcasses grading USDA Choice or better were both greater (P ≤ 0.03) for heifers fed SFC than for heifers fed WDGS, whereas heifers fed WDGS had more (P = 0.02) carcasses grading USDA Select (Table 4Go). Marbling score and USDA quality grades were not altered (P > 0.44) by the addition of feed additives. Average USDA yield grades and the distribution of those yield grades were not different (P > 0.12) between diets and feed additives.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 4. USDA yield and quality grade of yearling heifers fed diets containing either steam-flaked corn or a combination of steam-flaked corn and corn wet distillers grains with different feed additives (None,1 Monensin,2 and Monensin and Tylosin3)
 
Heifers fed WDGS consumed less dietary energy daily than heifers fed SFC and may have resulted in the decreased quality grade for the WDGS cattle. Another plausible explanation is the relationship between fatty acid precursors and adipose deposition. Hood and Allen (1978)Go have reported differences in lipogenic precursors for subcutaneous and intramuscular adipose tissue. Smith and Crouse (1984)Go further showed that glucose provided a greater percentage of acetyl units for fatty acid synthesis in the intramuscular depot than the subcutaneous depot (1 to 10% and 51 to 76% for subcutaneous and intramuscular depots, respectively). Perhaps feeding distillers grains shifts the acetate:propionate ratio to more acetate and less propionate, leading to differences in adipose accretion. However, research by Ham et al. (1994)Go did not show any differences in acetate:propionate ratio when 40% WDGS was fed, whereas Vander Pol et al. (2007)Go showed a reduction in acetate:propionate ratio.

Results from this study suggest that adding 25% (DM basis) of corn wet distillers grains with solubles to a finishing diet based on steam-flaked corn decreased ADG, gain efficiency, final BW, HCW, dress yield, LM area, and carcass quality grade, and had no effect on abscess-condemned livers. In this study, the addition of MONENSIN or MON+TYL did not affect animal growth performance, feed efficiency, carcass characteristics, carcass quality, or liver abscesses.


   Footnotes
 
1 This is contribution No. 07-48-J from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan, Kansas. Back

2 Corresponding author: jdrouill{at}ksu.edu

Received for publication January 8, 2007. Accepted for publication May 2, 2008.


   LITERATURE CITED
Top
 Abstract
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 LITERATURE CITED
 


Al-Suwaiegh, S., K. C. Fanning, R. J. Grant, C. T. Milton, and T. J. Klopfenstein. 2002. Utilization of distiller’s grains from the fermentation of sorghum or corn in diets for finishing beef and lactating dairy cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 80:1105–1111.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Barajas, R., and R. A. Zinn. 1998. The feeding value of dry-rolled and steam-flaked corn in finishing diets for feedlot cattle: Influence of protein supplementation. J. Anim. Sci. 76:1744–1752.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Boling, J. A., N. W. Bradley, and L. D. Cambell. 1977. Monensin levels for growing and finishing steers. J. Anim. Sci. 44:867–871.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Brandt, R. T., Jr., S. J. Anderson, and J. K. Elliot. 1988. Influence of ionophore rotation and fat level on performance of finishing heifers. Page 25 in 1998 Cattle Feeders Day, SRP 555. Kansas Agric. Exp. Stn., Kansas State Univ., Manhattan.

Brandt, R. T., Jr., T. G. Nagaraja, and J. K. Elliot. 1991. Influence of supplemental fat and monensin plus tylosin on performance and carcass traits of finishing steers. Page 96 in Cattlemen’s Day 1991, SRP 623. Kansas Agric. Exp. Stn., Kansas State Univ., Manhattan.

Brent, B. E. 1976. Relationship of acidosis to other feedlot ailments. J. Anim. Sci. 43:930–935.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Brethour, J. R. 1984. Adding fat to milo-based steer finishing rations. Page 15 in 1984 Roundup, SRP 452. Agric. Exp. Sta., Kansas State Univ., Manhattan.

Brink, D. R., S. R. Lowry, R. A. Stock, and J. C. Parrott. 1990. Severity of liver abscesses and efficiency of feed utilization of feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 68:1201–1207.[Abstract]

Brown, H., R. F. Bing, H. P. Grueter, J. W. McAskill, C. O. Cooley, and R. P. Rathmacher. 1975. Tylosin and chlortetracycline for the prevention of liver abscesses, improved weight gains and feed efficiency in feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 40:207–213.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Burrin, D. G., R. A. Stock, and R. A. Britton. 1988. Monensin level during grain adaptation and finishing performance in cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 66:513–521.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Clary, E. M., R. T. Brandt Jr., D. L. Harmon, and T. G. Nagaraja. 1993. Supplemental fat and ionophores in finishing diets: Feedlot performance and ruminal digesta kinetics in steers. J. Anim. Sci. 71:3115–3123.[Abstract]

Corona, L., F. N. Owens, and R. A. Zinn. 2006. Impact of corn vitreousness and processing on site and extent of digestion by feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 84:3020–3031.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Davis, G. V., and A. B. Erhart. 1976. Effect of monensin and urea in finishing steer rations. J. Anim. Sci. 43:1–8.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Delfino, J., G. W. Mathison, and M. W. Smith. 1988. Effect of lasalocid on feedlot performance and energy partitioning in cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 66:136–150.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Firkins, J. L., L. L. Berger, and G. C. Fahey Jr. 1985. Evaluation of wet and dry distiller’s grains and wet and dry corn gluten feeds for ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 60:847–860.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Gill, D. R., J. R. Martin, and R. Lake. 1976. High, medium, and low corn silage diets with and without monensin for feedlot steers. J. Anim. Sci. 43:363–368.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Ham, G. A., R. A. Stock, T. J. Klopfenstein, E. M. Larson, D. H. Shain, and R. P. Huffman. 1994. Wet corn distiller’s byproducts compared with dried corn distiller’s grains with solubles as a source of protein and energy for ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 72:3246–3257.[Abstract]

Harvey, R. W., M. B. Wise, T. N. Blumer, and E. R. Barrick. 1968. Influence of added roughage and chlortetracycline to all-concentrate rations for fattening steers. J. Anim. Sci. 27:1438–1444.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Heinemann, W. W., E. M. Hanks, and D. C. Young. 1978. Monensin and tylosin in a high energy diet for finishing steers. J. Anim. Sci. 47:34–40.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Hood, R. L., and C. E. Allen. 1978. Lipogenesis in isolated intramuscular adipose tissue from four bovine muscles. J. Anim. Sci. 46:1626–1633.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Huang, L., C. W. Forsberg, and D. Y. Thomas. 1988. Purification and characterization of a chloride-stimulated cellobiosidase from Bacteroides succinogenes S85 . J. Bacteriol. 170:2923–2932.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Huntington, G. B. 1997. Starch utilization by ruminants: From basics to the bunk. J. Anim. Sci. 75:852–867.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Jensen, R., W. E. Connell, and A. W. Deem. 1954a. Rumenitis and its relation to rate of change of ration and the proportion of concentrate in the ration of cattle. Am. J. Vet. Res. 15:425–428.[Medline]

Jensen, R., H. M. Deane, L. J. Cooper, V. A. Miller, and W. R. Graham. 1954b. The rumenitis-liver abscess complex in beef cattle. Am. J. Vet. Res. 15:202–216.[Medline]

Larson, E. M., R. A. Stock, T. J. Klopfenstein, M. H. Sindt, and R. P. Huffman. 1993. Feeding value of wet distiller’s byproducts for finishing ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 71:2228–2236.[Abstract]

Lodge, S. L., R. A. Stock, T. J. Klopfenstein, D. H. Shain, and D. W. Herold. 1997. Evaluation of corn and sorghum distiller’s byproducts. J. Anim. Sci. 75:37–43.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

McGavin, M., and C. W. Forsberg. 1988. Isolation and characterization of endoglucanases 1 and 2 from Bacteroides succinogenes S85. J. Bacteriol. 170:2914–2922.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

McGavin, M. J., C. W. Forsberg, B. Crosby, A. W. Bell, D. Dignard, and D. Y. Thomas. 1989. Structure of the cel-3 gene from Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 and characteristics of the encoded gene product, endoglucanase 3. J. Bacteriol. 171:5587–5595.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Montgomery, S. P., J. S. Drouillard, J. J. Sindt, M. A. Greenquist, B. E. Depenbusch, E. J. Good, E. R. Loe, M. J. Sulpizio, T. J. Kessen, and R. T. Ethington. 2005. Effects of dried full-fat corn germ and vitamin E on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 83:2440–2447.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

NRC. 1984. Nutrient Requirement of Beef Cattle. 6th ed. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC.

NRC. 1996. Nutrient Requirement of Beef Cattle. 7th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC.

Owens, F. N. 1980. Ionophore effect on utilization and metabolism of nutrients-ruminants. Pages 11–25 in Proc. Georgia Nutr. Conf. Feed Ind. Atlanta. Univ. Georgia, Athens.

Pendlum, L. C., J. A. Boling, and N. W. Bradley. 1978. Levels of monensin with and without tylosin for growing-finishing steers. J. Anim. Sci. 47:1–5.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Raun, A. P., C. O. Cooley, E. L. Potter, R. P. Rathmacher, and L. F. Richardson. 1976. Effect of monensin on feed efficiency of feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 43:670–677.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Richardson, L. F., A. P. Raun, E. L. Potter, C. O. Cooley, and R. P. Rathmacher. 1976. Effect of monensin on rumen fermentation in vitro and in vivo. J. Anim. Sci. 43:657–664.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Russell, J. B., and D. B. Wilson. 1996. Why are ruminal cellulolytic bacteria unable to digest cellulose at low pH? J. Dairy Sci. 79:1503–1509.[Abstract]

Sindt, J. J., J. S. Drouillard, E. C. Titgemeyer, S. P. Montgomery, E. R. Loe, B. E. Depenbusch, and P. H. Walz. 2006. Influence of steam flaked corn moisture level and density on the site and extent of digestibility and feeding value for finishing cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 84:424–432.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Smith, S. B., and J. D. Crouse. 1984. Relative contributions of acetate, lactate, and glucose to lipogenesis in bovine intramuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissue. J. Nutr. 114:792–800.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Smith, H. A. 1944. Ulcerative lesions of the bovine rumen and their possible relation to hepatic abscess. Am. J. Vet. Res. 5:234–242.

Spires, H. R., A. Olmsted, L. L. Berger, J. P. Fontenot, D. R. Gill, J. G. Riley, M. I. Wray, and R. A. Ware. 1990. Efficacy of laidlomycin propionate for increasing rate and efficiency of gain by feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 68:3382–3391.[Abstract]

Stock, R. A., M. H. Sindt, J. C. Parrott, and F. K. Goedeken. 1990. Effects of grain type, roughage level and monensin level on finishing cattle performance. J. Anim. Sci. 68:3441–3455.[Abstract]

Tan, Z. L., T. G. Nagaraja, and M. M. Chengappa. 1996. Fusobacterium necrophorum infections: Virulence factors, pathogenic mechanisms and control measures. Vet. Res. Commun. 20:113–140.[CrossRef][Medline]

Thompson, W. R., and J. G. Riley. 1980. Protein levels with and without monensin for finishing steers. J. Anim. Sci. 50:563–571.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Vander Pol, K. J., M. K. Luebbe, G. J. Crawford, G. E. Erickson, and T. J. Klopfenstein. 2007. Digestibility, rumen metabolism, and site of digestion for finishing diets containing wet distiller’s grains or corn oil. Nebraska Beef Report. University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension MP90:39–42.

Vogel, G. J., and S. B. Laudert. 1994. The influence of Tylan on liver abscess control and animal performance-A 40 Trial Summary. J. Anim. Sci. 72(Suppl. 1):293 (Abstr.)

Zinn, R. A., C. F. Adam, and M. S. Tamayo. 1995. Interaction of feed intake level on comparative ruminal and total tract digestion of dry-rolled and steam-flaked corn. J. Anim. Sci. 73:1239–1245.[Abstract]

Zinn, R. A., E. G. Alvarez, M. F. Montano, A. Plascencia, and J. E. Ramirez. 1998. Influence of tempering on the feeding value of rolled corn in finishing diets for feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 76:2239–2246.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Zinn, R. A., and J. L. Borques. 1993. Influence of sodium bicarbonate and monensin on utilization of a fat-supplemented, high-energy growing-finishing diet by feedlot steers. J. Anim. Sci. 71:18–25.[Abstract]

Zinn, R. A., and A. Plascencia. 1996. Effects of forage level on the comparative feeding value of supplemental fat in growing-finishing diets for feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 74:1194–1201.[Abstract]

Zinn, R. A., A. Plascencia, and R. Barajas. 1994. Interaction of forage level and monensin in diets for feedlot cattle on growth performance and digestive function. J. Anim. Sci. 72:2209–2215.[Abstract]


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Professional Animal ScientistHome page
M. L. May, M. J. Quinn, N. DiLorenzo, D. R. Smith, K. E. Hales, D. D. Simms, and M. L. Galyean
Effects of Adding MIN-AD to Steam-Flaked Corn-Based Diets With or Without Wet Corn Distillers Grain Plus Solubles on Performance by Beef Cattle During Receiving and Finishing Phases
Professional Animal Scientist, October 1, 2009; 25(5): 559 - 568.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 J ANIM SCIHome page
B. E. Depenbusch, E. R. Loe, J. J. Sindt, N. A. Cole, J. J. Higgins, and J. S. Drouillard
Optimizing use of distillers grains in finishing diets containing steam-flaked corn
J Anim Sci, August 1, 2009; 87(8): 2644 - 2652.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J ANIM SCIHome page
B. E. Depenbusch, C. M. Coleman, J. J. Higgins, and J. S. Drouillard
Effects of increasing levels of dried corn distillers grains with solubles on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of yearling heifers
J Anim Sci, August 1, 2009; 87(8): 2653 - 2663.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J ANIM SCIHome page
G. G. Hilton, J. L. Montgomery, C. R. Krehbiel, D. A. Yates, J. P. Hutcheson, W. T. Nichols, M. N. Streeter, J. R. Blanton Jr., and M. F. Miller
Effects of feeding zilpaterol hydrochloride with and without monensin and tylosin on carcass cutability and meat palatability of beef steers
J Anim Sci, April 1, 2009; 87(4): 1394 - 1406.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J ANIM SCIHome page
B. E. Depenbusch, E. R. Loe, M. J. Quinn, M. E. Corrigan, M. L. Gibson, K. K. Karges, and J. S. Drouillard
Corn distillers grains with solubles derived from a traditional or partial fractionation process: Growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing feedlot heifers
J Anim Sci, September 1, 2008; 86(9): 2338 - 2343.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
jas.2007-0017v1
86/9/2270    most recent
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Depenbusch, B. E.
Right arrow Articles by Quinn, M. J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Depenbusch, B. E.
Right arrow Articles by Quinn, M. J.

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS