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J. Anim Sci. 2007. 85:2290-2297. doi:10.2527/jas.2006-652
© 2007 American Society of Animal Science
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ANIMAL PRODUCTION

Influence of pressed beet pulp and concentrated separator by-product on intake, gain, efficiency of gain, and carcass composition of growing and finishing beef steers

M. L. Bauer1, D. E. Schimek, J. J. Reed, J. S. Caton, P. T. Berg and G. P. Lardy

Department of Animal and Range Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 LITERATURE CITED
 
The objectives of this experiment were to determine a NE value for pressed beet pulp and the value of concentrated separator by-product (de-sugared molasses) as a ruminal N source in growing and finishing diets for beef cattle. One hundred forty-four cross-bred beef steers (282 ± 23 kg of initial BW) were used in 2 experiments (growing and finishing). A randomized complete block design was used, with a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (level of pressed beet pulp and inclusion of concentrated separator by-product) for both studies. Steers were blocked by BW and allotted randomly to 1 of 6 treatments. In the growing study, the control diet contained 49.5% corn, 31.5% corn silage, 10.0% alfalfa hay, and 9.0% supplement (DM basis). Pressed beet pulp replaced corn at 0, 20, or 40% of dietary DM, and concentrated separator by-product replaced corn and urea at 10% of dietary DM. The growing study lasted for 84 d. Initial BW was an average of 2-d BW after a 3-d, restricted (1.75% of BW) feeding of 50% alfalfa hay and 50% corn silage (DM basis), and final BW was an average of 2-d BW after a 3-d, restricted (1.75% of BW) feeding of 31.5% corn silage, 10.0% alfalfa hay, 25.0% dry-rolled corn, 20.0% pressed beet pulp, 5.0% concentrated separator by-product, and 8.5% supplement (DM basis). After the growing study, the steers were weighed (415 ± 32 kg), rerandomized, and allotted to 1 of 6 finishing diets. The control diet for the finishing study included 45% dry-rolled corn, 40% high-moisture corn, 5% brome hay, 5% pressed beet pulp, and 5% supplement. Pressed beet pulp replaced high-moisture corn at 5.0, 12.5, and 20.0% of the dietary DM, and concentrated separator by-product replaced high-moisture corn and supplement at 10.0% of diet DM. Steers were slaughtered on d 83 or 98 of the study. In the growing study, the addition of pressed beet pulp to growing diets linearly decreased (P = 0.001) DMI and ADG and inclusion of 10% concentrated separator by-product decreased (P = 0.001) G:F. Increased levels of pressed beet pulp in the finishing diets caused a linear decrease (P = 0.001) in ADG and tended (P = 0.06 and 0.07 for kg/d and % of BW, respectively) to quadratically decrease DMI, whereas addition of concentrated separator by-product increased (P = 0.02 and 0.001 for kg/d and % of BW, respectively) DMI. Apparent NEg of pressed beet pulp was 94.2% of that of corn in the growing study and 81.5% of that of corn in the finishing study.

Key Words: pressed beet pulp • concentrated separator by-product • cattle • feedlot


   INTRODUCTION
Top
 Abstract
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 LITERATURE CITED
 
The Red River valley region of Minnesota and North Dakota is the largest producer of nonirrigated sugar beets in the world. According to the National Agricultural Statistics Service (2005)Go, Minnesota and North Dakota rank first and second nationally in sugar beet production, and a large percentage of the beets grown in these 2 states are grown in the Red River valley.

Concentrated separator by-product and pressed beet pulp are by-products of the sugar beet industry. Pressed beet pulp [24% DM, 9.5% CP (DM basis), and 44% NDF (DM basis)] is the by-product remaining after sugars have been extracted from the beet. Concentrated separator by-product [66% DM, 20% CP (DM basis), and 0% NDF (DM basis)] is the by-product that remains after molasses has gone through further ion exclusion sugar extraction. Previous research has shown pressed beet pulp has a NE that is approximately 20 to 37% greater than corn silage (Rush et al., 1992Go). In recent years, production of concentrated separator by-product has risen as ion exclusion technology has improved and is being adapted by a larger number of sugar beet processors (Buzzanell and Gray, 1992Go). Consequently, the availability of concentrated separator by-product is increasing, but little research exists regarding its feeding value for beef cattle.

The objectives of this experiment were to determine a NE value for pressed beet pulp and the value of concentrated separator by-product as a ruminal N source in growing and finishing diets for beef cattle.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
Top
 Abstract
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 LITERATURE CITED
 
All animal procedures were conducted as recommended by FASS (1999)Go.

Growing Study

One hundred forty-four English x Continental beef steers (282 ± 23 kg of initial BW) were blocked by BW and allotted randomly to 1 of 6 treatments to evaluate the effects of an increasing level of pressed beet pulp and the addition of concentrated separator by-product to a growing diet. A total of 24 pens were used, with 4 pens per treatment and 6 steers per pen. Two to 3 weeks before entering the feedlot, the steers were vaccinated for bovine respiratory syncytial virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza-3, bovine viral diarrhea, Haemophilus somnus, and 7-way clostridial diseases (Pfizer, Exton, PA), and a viral booster was administered as the steers entered the feedlot. Steers were implanted with Synovex-S (Fort Dodge Animal Health, Overland Park, KS) on d 1 of feeding of the treatment diets. Steers were treated with eprinomectin (Eprinex, Merial, Duluth, GA) on d 23.

The control diet for the growing study contained 49.5% dry-rolled corn, 31.5% corn silage, 10.0% alfalfa hay, and 9.0% supplement (DM basis, Table 1Go). Dietary treatments were arranged in a 3 x 2 factorial design. Pressed beet pulp replaced dry-rolled corn at 0, 20, or 40% of dietary DM (treatments 0:0, 20:0, and 40:0, respectively), and concentrated separator by-product replaced corn and urea at 10% of dietary DM (treatments 0:10, 20:10, and 40:10, respectively). Diets were formulated to contain a minimum of 12.8% CP, 0.49% Ca, 0.26% P, 0.77% K, and to have a minimum Ca:P ratio of 1.5:1. Growing diets also contained monensin (Elanco Animal Health, Indianapolis, IN) at 27.5 mg/ kg. The growing study lasted for 84 d.


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  		Table 1. Ration composition and calculated nutrient composition for the growing study (DM basis)
 
Steers were fed once daily in the morning. Feed offered was adjusted daily based on bunk assessment before feeding. Bunks were assessed using a 4-point bunk scoring system, as described by Pritchard (1993)Go. Refused feed was collected weekly, weighed, sampled, and dried at 55°C for 48 h to calculate pen DMI.

Initial BW was an average of 2-d BW after a 3-d, restricted (1.75% of BW) feeding period, during which 50% alfalfa hay and 50% corn silage (DM basis) was fed. Final BW was an average of 2-d BW after a 3-d (1.75% of BW), restricted feeding period, during which 31.5% corn silage, 25.0% corn, 20.0% pressed beet pulp, 10.0% alfalfa hay, 8.5% supplement, and 5.0% concentrated separator by-product (DM basis) was fed. Apparent dietary NEm and NEg were calculated using the equations for large-framed steers (NRC, 1984Go), and with the process outlined by Larson et al. (1993)Go.

A randomized complete block design was used, with a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement (pressed beet pulp and concentrated separator by-product) of treatments. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the GLM procedure (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Animal was the sampling unit, and pen was the experimental unit. The model contained effects for block, pressed beet pulp, and concentrated separator by-product, and the pressed beet pulp x concentrated separator by-product interaction. The effect of pressed beet pulp level was evaluated using linear and quadratic contrasts.

Finishing Study

After the growing study, the steers were rerandomized, blocked by BW, and allotted randomly to dietary treatment. Final BW for the growing study was used as initial BW for the finishing study (415 ± 32 kg). A total of 24 pens were used, with 4 pens per treatment and 6 steers per pen. Steers were implanted on d 1 of the finishing study with Revalor-S (Hoechst-Roussel Agri-Vet, Somerville, NJ).

The control diet for the finishing study included 45% dry rolled corn, 40% high-moisture corn, 5% brome hay, 5% pressed beet pulp, and 5% supplement (Table 2Go). Pressed beet pulp replaced high-moisture corn at 5, 12.5, and 20% of dietary DM (treatments 5:0, 12.5:0, and 20:0, respectively), and concentrated separator byproduct replaced high-moisture corn and urea at 10% of dietary DM (treatments 5:10, 12.5:10, and 20:10, respectively). Diets were formulated to contain a minimum of 12.3% CP, 0.70% Ca, 0.31% P, 0.70% K, 2.25:1 Ca:P ratio, and 8.9:1 N:S ratio. Diets were formulated to contain monensin (Elanco Animal Health) at 27.5 mg/kg and tylosin (Elanco Animal Health) at 11 mg/ kg. All diet formulations were on a DM basis. Feeding, bunk management, and feed sampling and analysis was similar to those used for the growing study.


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  		Table 2. Ration composition and calculated nutrient composition for the finishing study (DM basis)
 
Steers in the heaviest block were fed for 83 d and steers in the remaining blocks were fed for 98 d. Steers were deemed ready for slaughter when the average s.c. fat thickness at the 12th rib was 1.2 cm, which was determined by visual appraisal. Final BW was based on HCW, assuming a dressing percent of 62%. Carcass measurements included HCW, liver score, LM area, s.c. fat thickness at the 12th rib, marbling score, KPH, and yield grade. Livers were scored using a 5-point scoring system that was based on the procedure described by Brink et al. (1990)Go. Yield grade was calculated (Boggs and Merkel, 1979Go) as yield grade = 2.5 + (0.9843 x fat thickness at the 12th-rib) + (0.2 x KPH) + (0.0084 x HCW) – (0.0496 x LM area). Apparent dietary NEm and NEg were calculated using the equations for large- framed steers (NRC, 1984Go) and with the process outlined by Larson et al. (1993)Go.

A randomized complete block design was used, with a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement (pressed beet pulp and concentrated separator by-product) of treatments. Animal was the sampling unit, and pen was the experimental unit. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS. Pressed beet pulp, concentrated separator byproduct, and the pressed beet pulp x concentrated separator by-product interaction were tested. Least squares means for the effect of pressed beet pulp level were separated using linear and quadratic contrasts.


   RESULTS
Top
 Abstract
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 LITERATURE CITED
 
Growing Study

A pressed beet pulp x concentrated separator byproduct interaction was detected for final BW (P = 0.04; Table 3Go). Increased level of pressed beet pulp in the diet with or without concentrated separator by-product resulted in decreased (P = 0.001) final BW; inclusion of 10% concentrated separator by-product in diets containing no pressed beet pulp resulted in less final BW compared with the 0% concentrated separator by-product inclusion rate, resulting in the interaction.


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  		Table 3. Effect of pressed beet pulp and concentrated separator by-product on intake, performance, and apparent dietary energy of steers during the growing study
 
A pressed beet pulp x concentrated separator byproduct interaction was also detected for ADG (P = 0.05; Table 3Go). Increased level of pressed beet pulp in the diet with or without concentrated separator by-product resulted in decreased ADG; inclusion of 10% concentrated separator by-product in diets containing no pressed beet pulp resulted in less ADG compared with the 0% concentrated separator by-product inclusion rate, resulting in the interaction.

No pressed beet pulp x concentrated separator byproduct interactions were detected for DMI (P ≥ 0.86 for kg/d or % of BW; Table 3Go). Increased level of pressed beet pulp resulted in a linear (P = 0.001) decrease in DMI, whether expressed as kilograms per day or % of average BW. Inclusion of concentrated separator byproduct increased DMI (P ≤ 0.001) at all levels of pressed beet pulp inclusion, whether expressed as kilograms per day or % of average BW.

There was a tendency for a pressed beet pulp x concentrated separator by-product interaction for G:F (P = 0.06; Table 3Go). When concentrated separator by-product was included in the diet, G:F did not change as level of pressed beet pulp increased; however, when concentrated separator by-product was not included in the diet, G:F was greater for the diet containing no pressed beet pulp resulting in the interaction.

There was a pressed beet pulp x concentrated separator by-product interaction for apparent dietary NEm and NEg (P = 0.05; Table 3Go). When no concentrated separator by-product was included in the diet, apparent dietary NEm and NEg did not change as level of pressed beet pulp increased. However, when concentrated separator by-product was included in the diet, apparent dietary NEm and NEg responded in a quadratic fashion, with the 20% pressed beet pulp diet (20:10) having greater apparent dietary NEm and NEg than the 0 or 40% pressed beet pulp diets (0:10 or 40:10).

Finishing Study

There were no pressed beet pulp x concentrated separator by-product interactions (P ≥ 0.41) for final BW, ADG, DMI, G:F, apparent dietary NEm, or apparent dietary NEg in the finishing study (Table 4Go). Increasing pressed beet pulp linearly decreased (P = 0.001) final BW and ADG. Inclusion of concentrated separator byproduct had no effects (P ≥0.46) on final BW or ADG.


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  		Table 4. Effect of pressed beet pulp and concentrated separator by-product on performance of steers during the finishing study
 
Intake tended to decrease as pressed beet pulp increased above 12.5% of the diet (quadratic; P = 0.06 and 0.07 for kilograms per day and % of BW, respectively; Table 4Go). Inclusion of concentrated separator byproduct resulted in increased DMI (P ≤0.02 for kg/d and % of BW).

Increasing pressed beet pulp resulted in a linear decrease in G:F (P = 0.008; Table 4Go). Inclusion of concentrated separator by-product tended (P = 0.09) to decrease G:F. Apparent dietary NEm and NEg tended to decrease with increasing pressed beet pulp (P = 0.08; Table 4Go). Inclusion of concentrated separator by-product had no effect (P ≥0.28) on apparent dietary NEm or NEg.

No pressed beet pulp xconcentrated separator byproduct interactions were detected (P ≥0.59) for HCW or 12th rib s.c. fat (Table 5Go). Increasing pressed beet pulp resulted in a linear decrease in HCW (P = 0.001). Inclusion of concentrated separator by-product did not affect HCW (P = 0.31). Fat at the 12th rib was not affected by pressed beet pulp (P = 0.11) or concentrated separator by-product (P = 0.77).


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  		Table 5. Effect of pressed beet pulp and concentrated separator by-product on carcass characteristics in the finishing study
 
A pressed beet pulp xconcentrated separator byproduct interaction was detected for KPH (P = 0.006; Table 5Go). When concentrated separator by-product was not included in the diet, KPH was greater (P ≤0.03) at the 12.5 and 20% inclusion levels than at the 5% inclusion level. When concentrated separator by-product was included in the diet, KPH was increased (P = 0.001) at the 5% pressed beet pulp inclusion but not (P ≥0.16) at the 12.5 and 20% levels.

A tendency toward a pressed beet pulp xconcentrated separator by-product interaction was also detected for LM area (P = 0.09; Table 5Go). When concentrated separator by-product was not included in the diet, increased level of pressed beet pulp decreased LM area, but when concentrated separator by-product was included, increased level of pressed beet pulp first increased, then decreased LM area, resulting in the tendency for an interaction.

There was a tendency for a pressed beet pulp xconcentrated separator by-product interaction for yield grade (P = 0.06; Table 5Go). When concentrated separator by-product was included in the diet, increased level of pressed beet pulp resulted in a decreased yield grade from 2.90 to 2.28. However, when concentrated separator by-product was not included in the diet, increased level of pressed beet pulp resulted in no change in yield grade.

A pressed beet pulp xconcentrated separator byproduct interaction was not detected for marbling score (P = 0.72; Table 5Go). Marbling score was not affected (P ≥0.22) by pressed beet pulp level or concentrated separator by-product inclusion.

There was a pressed beet pulp xconcentrated separator by-product interaction for liver score (P = 0.04; Table 5Go). When no concentrated separator by-product was included in the diet, liver score increased with increased level of pressed beet pulp. When concentrated separator by-product was included in the diet, liver score increased, then decreased with increased level of pressed beet pulp.


   DISCUSSION
Top
 Abstract
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
LITERATURE CITED
 
Increased level of pressed beet pulp resulted in linear decreases in DMI (kg/d and % of BW) in both the growing and finishing studies. It is likely that increasing bulk of the diet, as pressed beet pulp replaced corn, increased ruminal fill and decreased DMI. Voelker and Allen (2003a)Go substituted dried, pelleted beet pulp for high-moisture corn at 0, 6.1, 12.1, and 24.3% of dietary DM in lactating dairy cow diets where the control diet was 60% concentrate. A linear decrease in DMI was reported with increasing dried, pelleted beet pulp, and volume and mass of wet ruminal contents did not decrease when DMI decreased. Voelker and Allen (2003a)Go suggested that stimulation of stretch receptors in the ruminal wall probably was a predominant factor signaling satiety and reducing DMI with added dried, pelleted beet pulp. Also, water content of ruminal digesta increased linearly with added dried, pelleted beet pulp; therefore, ruminal digesta volume, weight, and water-holding capacity contributed to the limitation of intake by distension (Voelker and Allen, 2003aGo).

Inclusion of concentrated separator by-product increased DMI at all levels of pressed beet pulp inclusion, whether expressed as kilograms per day or % of BW. Similarly, Loe et al. (2002)Go reported increased DMI when including 5% concentrated separator by-product in 44% concentrate receiving cattle diets and suggested that reduced dustiness with added concentrated separator by-product increased diet acceptability. However, in the present experiment, reducing diet dustiness was not the probable mechanism whereby concentrated separator by-product increased intake because growing diets without concentrated separator by-product contained 31.5 to 71.5% wet feeds (60% average DM for diets not containing concentrated separator by-product), and finishing diets without concentrated separator by-product contained 45% wet feeds (78% average DM for diets not containing concentrated separator by-product). Löest et al. (2002)Go reported a tendency for increased DMI in finishing cattle when top-dressing concentrated separator by-product at approximately one-third the rate that it was fed in the current study. Because concentrated separator by-product was top-dressed in this research, reducing diet dustiness also was not a factor.

Increased level of pressed beet pulp in the diet resulted in decreased final BW and ADG in the growing and finishing studies. Decreased final BW and ADG are likely due to decreased DMI and decreased ME intake with increased pressed beet pulp in the diet. Voelker and Allen (2003b)Go reported that starch content of diets decreased from 34.6 to 18.4% when dried, pelleted beet pulp (3.9% starch) replaced high-moisture corn (70.5% starch) at 24% of diet DM.

Inclusion of 10% concentrated separator by-product in diets containing no pressed beet pulp resulted in decreased final BW and ADG compared with the 0% concentrated separator by-product inclusion rate in the growing study, whereas inclusion of concentrated separator by-product as a replacement for high-moisture corn and urea in finishing diets did not affect steer final BW or ADG, indicating concentrated separator byproduct is an effective source of ruminally degraded N. It is not apparent why concentrated separator byproduct decreased final BW and ADG in the growing study but not the finishing study. Loe et al. (2002)Go reported increased ADG during the first 2 wk of a receiving study when replacing corn and soybean meal at 5% of dietary DM with concentrated separator by-product in receiving cattle diets but reported no differences in ADG over the entire 28 d study.

In the growing study, pressed beet pulp did not affect G:F; however, G:F decreased linearly with pressed beet pulp in the finishing study. Replacing corn with pressed beet pulp likely had a less severe effect on G:F in the growing study because the diets were composed of greater proportions of fiber compared with the finishing diets. Voelker and Allen (2003b)Go reported greater ruminal and total tract NDF digestion when dried, pelleted beet pulp replaced corn in lactating dairy cow diets. Also, added dried, pelleted beet pulp shifted more starch digestion from the rumen toward the small intestine (Voelker and Allen, 2003bGo) presumably resulting in absorption of glucose by enterocytes, which is more energetically favorable than ruminal fermentation to VFA (Owens et al., 1986Go). Including concentrated separator by-product in growing and finishing diets increased DMI, with no effect on ADG; consequently, G:F was reduced.

Pressed beet pulp did not affect apparent dietary NEm and NEg in the growing study, indicating that pressed beet pulp NE was not different than corn NE. In the finishing study, apparent dietary NEm and NEg decreased with increased level of pressed beet pulp, indicating pressed beet pulp NE was lower than corn NE. Results in the finishing study were expected because a feedstuff greater in ME (high-moisture corn) was replaced with one with less ME (pressed beet pulp). Pressed beet pulp had a NEg that was 94.2% of dry-rolled corn in the growing study and 81.5% of that of high-moisture corn in the finishing study, when calculated from steer performance. Calculated pressed beet pulp NEg was 1.46 Mcal/kg in the growing study and 1.32 Mcal/kg in the finishing study. Rush et al. (1992)Go estimated the NEg of pressed beet pulp to be 1.41 Mcal/ kg in a growing study using corn silage as the reference feed. In finishing cattle, Lofgreen et al. (1962)Go reported that wet beet pulp had 1.12 Mcal/kg of NEg using barley as the reference feed. Similarly, the NRC (1996)Go reports a value of 1.14 Mcal/kg of NEg.

Increased level of pressed beet pulp resulted in a linear decrease in HCW, which was due to decreased ADG in the finishing study. Inclusion of concentrated separator by-product did not affect ADG and therefore did not affect HCW. Besides HCW, there were few differences in carcass characteristics caused by treatments. Subcutaneous fat at the 12th rib was not affected. Studies comparing forage and grain in finishing diets have reported decreased s.c. fat at the 12th rib in cattle finished on higher levels of forage compared with grain and have attributed the differences to differences in ME intake (Crouse et al., 1984Go; Mandell et al., 1998Go). There were interactions for KPH and yield grade that followed a similar pattern. Kidney, pelvic, and heart fat was increased by inclusion of concentrated separator by-product in diets containing 5% pressed beet pulp; however, the cause of the difference was not apparent. Both KPH and yield grade decreased with increased levels of pressed beet pulp when concentrated separator by-product was included in the diet, which may be due to decreased ME intake as high-moisture corn was replaced.

Marbling score was not affected by treatment. Harper et al. (2001)Go reported many researchers have found that time on high energy feed increases the amount of extractable lipid in muscle, and high energy diets for extended periods are required for many animals to have high intramuscular fat deposition (Harper and Pethick, 2001Go). Because energy density of the diets differed, differences in marbling could have been expected. However, steers were fed for only 83 or 98 d on the finishing study, which might not have been long enough for marbling among treatments to differentiate themselves.

There was a tendency for liver score to increase with increased level of pressed beet pulp; however, differences were small and may not be biologically significant. Liver scores did not differ for the 12.5:10 and 20:0 treatments and were greater than liver scores for other treatments. Higher roughage levels promote more stable ruminal fermentation and decrease the variation in feed intake, thereby lowering the incidence of acidosis and rumenitis (Nagaraja and Chengappa, 1998Go). Generally, the incidence and severity of abscesses increase as roughage level in the diet decreases (Nagaraja and Chengappa, 1998Go). Therefore, we did not expect to measure increased liver scores in the 12.5:10 and 20:0 treatments.

Calculated NEg of pressed beet pulp was 1.46 Mcal/kg in the growing study and 1.32 Mcal/kg in the finishing study. When replacing corn, pressed beet pulp inclusion in growing and finishing diets decreases DMI and ADG. Including concentrated separator by-product in growing and finishing diets increases DMI, with no effect on ADG; consequently, G:F is reduced.

The NEg value of pressed beet pulp appears to be similar to previously published work. Concentrate levels can be reduced when pressed beet pulp is included in the diet to reach a targeted ADG. Inclusion of pressed beet pulp up to 20% of dietary DM in finishing diets decreases dietary NEg; however, inclusion of pressed beet pulp up to 40% of dietary DM in growing diets had no effect on dietary NEg. Inclusion of concentrated separator by-product as a replacement for high-moisture corn and urea in finishing diets did not affect steer performance, indicating concentrated separator byproduct is an effective source of energy and ruminally available nitrogen.

1 Corresponding author: Marc.Bauer{at}ndsu.edu

Received for publication September 22, 2006. Accepted for publication April 23, 2007.


   LITERATURE CITED
Top
 Abstract
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 LITERATURE CITED
 


Boggs, D. L., and R. A. Merkel. 1979. Beef Carcass Evaluation, Grading, and Pricing. Page 98 in Live Animal Carcass Evaluation and Selection Manual. Kendall/Hunt Publ. Co. Dubuque, IA.

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Buzzanell, P., and F. Gray. 1992. U.S. beet molasses desugaring: Implications for the sugar and molasses markets. Sugar and Sweetener Situation and Outlook Report. December: 30–41. USDA, Washington, DC.

Crouse, J. D., H. R. Cross, and S. C. Seideman. 1984. Effects of a grass or grain diet on the quality of three beef muscles. J. Anim. Sci. 58:619–625.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

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Harper, G. S., and D. W. Pethick. 2001. The physiology of marbling: What is it, and why does it develop? Cooperative Research Centre for Cattle and Beef Quality: Marbling Symposium 2001. CSIRO Publishers, Collingwood, Victoria, Australia.

Harper, G. S., D. Pethick, V. H. Oddy, R. K. Tume, W. J. Barendse, and L. Hygate. 2001. Biological determinants of intramuscular fat deposition in beef cattle: Current mechanistic knowledge and sources of variation. Meat Livest. Australia, Sydney.

Larson, E. M., R. A. Stock, T. J. Klopfenstein, M. H. Sindt, and R. P. Huffman. 1993. Feeding value of wet distillers by-products for finishing ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 71:2228–2236.[Abstract]

Loe, E. R., M. L. Bauer, G. P. Lardy, and J. S. Caton. 2002. Effect of dietary inclusion of concentrator separator by-product and weaning management on performance of newly received feedlot steers. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 100:43–52.[CrossRef]

Löest, C. A., E. C. Titgemeyer, J. S. Drouillard, C. M. Coetzer, R. D. Hunter, D. J. Bindel, and B. D. Lambert. 2002. Supplemental betaine and a peroxide-treated feather meal for finishing cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 80:2234–2240.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Lofgreen, G. P., D. L. Bath, and V. R. Young. 1962. Determination of the net energy of dried beet pulp using barley as a reference standard. J. Anim. Sci. 21:766–771.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Mandell, I. B., J. G. Buchanan-Smith, and C. P. Campbell. 1998. Effects of forage vs grain feeding on carcass characteristics, fatty acid composition, and beef quality in Limousin-cross steers when time on feed is controlled. J. Anim. Sci. 76:2619–2630.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

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NRC. 1984. Nutritional Requirements of Beef Cattle. 5th ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC.

NRC. 1996. Nutritional Requirements of Beef Cattle. 6th ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC.

Owens, F. N., R. A. Zinn, and Y. K. Kim. 1986. Limits to starch digestion in the ruminant small intestine. J. Anim. Sci. 63:1634–1648.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Pritchard, R. H. 1993. Bunk management. Land O’ Lakes Beef Seminar, Cedar Rapids, IA, Columbus, NE, and Storm Lake, IA, March 1–4:4. Land O’ Lakes Inc., St. Paul, MN.

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Voelker, J. A., and M. S. Allen. 2003a. Pelleted beet pulp substituted for high-moisture corn: 1. Effects on feed intake, chewing behavior, and milk production in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86:3542–3552.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

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