J. Anim Sci. 2007. 85:1024-1029. doi:10.2527/jas.2005-628
© 2007 American Society of Animal Science
Fermentation quality and nutritive value of a total mixed ration silage containing coffee grounds at ten or twenty percent of dry matter1
C. C. Xu,
Y. Cai2,
J. G. Zhang and
M. Ogawa
Department of Animal Feeding and Management, National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Nasushiobara, Tochigi 329-2793, Japan
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Abstract
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Six wethers were used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square to study the fermentation quality and nutritive value of total mixed ration (TMR) silages that included wet coffee grounds (WCG). The TMR were prepared using a commercial compound feed, timothy hay, alfalfa hay, dried beet pulp, and a vitamin-mineral supplement in a ratio of 36.5:30:20:12:1.5, respectively, on a DM basis, with timothy hay and alfalfa hay being replaced by WCG at 0, 10, or 20%. All TMR silages, irrespective of WCG addition, were well preserved, with a low pH and ammonia-N content and a high lactic acid content. Intakes by wethers of TMR silages containing 0 and 10% WCG were 96.6 and 94.8 g/kg of BW0.75, and did not differ (P > 0.05). Intake of TMR silage containing 20% WCG was 76.8 g/kg of BW0.75, which was equal to 80% of that of the TMR silage with no WCG (quadratic: P < 0.01). Increasing concentrations of WCG in the rations decreased the digestibility of DM, CP, ADF, NDF, and energy, and increased that of ether extract (P < 0.05). The TDN and DE contents of the TMR silages with 0 and 10% WCG were similar, but the TMR silage with 20% WCG was lower (P < 0.05). With progressive increases in WCG concentrations, N intake did not differ, but fecal and urinary N increased linearly (P < 0.001), and retained N decreased linearly (P < 0.001). This study demonstrated that the proportion of WCG to be incorporated into TMR silages should not exceed 10% of the DM.
Key Words: intake • nutritive value • total mixed ration silage • wet coffee grounds • wether
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INTRODUCTION
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In the beverage industry, wastes from coffee grounds have increased rapidly in recent years. Approximately 200,000 tons of coffee grounds are produced annually in Japan. Although a small proportion of the coffee grounds is converted into raw compost material, most are generally incinerated (Wakasawa et al., 1998
). There is increasing demand for the efficient use of food by-products because of economic and environmental concerns. Coffee grounds usually contain 11.8% CP, 23.1% ether extract (EE), 42.5% crude fiber, and 13.0% nitrogen-free extract (Campbell et al., 1976; Bartley et al., 1978), and therefore could possibly be a source of nutrients for ruminants.
Although dried coffee grounds can easily be incorporated into rations, the energy cost associated with drying wet coffee grounds (WCG) has been increasing. However, the risk of effluent production is high because of the low DM content; therefore, pressed coffee grounds have been preferred for ensiling.
Silages may be blended with other feeds to create a total mixed ration (TMR). Farmers are encouraged to feed a TMR to stabilize microbial activity and improve energy and protein utilization in the rumen (Coppock et al., 1981). If high-moisture by-products were ensiled with dry feeds as a TMR, the risk of effluent production would be minimized and the time for mixing before feeding could be omitted. In addition, unpalatable byproducts could possibly be incorporated into a TMR if their odors and flavors were altered by silage fermentation.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the fermentation characteristics of silage prepared from WCG mixed with various feeds, as a TMR silage. Wethers were fed these TMR silages, and their nutritive value was estimated. The effect of WCG on rumen fermentation was also studied.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
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The 2 experiments were conducted according to the animal care and use guidelines of the National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science of Japan.
Silage Preparation of TMR
As shown in Table 1, the WCG were obtained from a commercial beverage factory (Ito En Co., Ltd., Sagara, Japan). The TMR was prepared using a compound feed (Tochigi-Kumiai Feed Co., Ltd., Oyama, Japan), timothy hay, alfalfa hay, dried beet pulp, and a vitamin-mineral supplement (Tochigi-Kumiai Feed Co., Ltd.) at a ratio of 36.5:30:20:12:1.5, respectively, on a DM basis. Treatments included replacement of timothy and alfalfa hay with 0, 10, and 20% WCG on a DM basis. The moisture of all TMR was adjusted with water to 55%. The TMR was treated with Lactobacillus plantarum Chikuso-1 (Snow Brand Seed Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Japan) at a rate of 5 mg/kg to supply 1.0 x 105 cfu of lactic acid bacteria/g of fresh TMR. The ensiled amounts of TMR were 350 kg in polyethylene bag silos. The silages were stored outdoors at 5 to 32 ° C, and the silos were opened after fermentation for 225 d. The silages were divided into daily portions and immediately frozen at – 20 ° C. The daily portions were thawed at room temperature for 12 h before being fed to the wethers.
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Table 1. Chemical composition1 (DM basis) of wet coffee grounds (WCG), compound feed, timothy hay, alfalfa hay, beet pulp, and vitamin-mineral supplement (VMS) used in the total mixed ration silages fed to wethers
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Digestion Trial
Six 2-yr-old Suffolk wethers (73.0 ± 3.2 kg of BW) were used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square. Each wether was fitted with a rumen cannula. The wethers were individually housed in metabolic cages and fed the 3 treatment diets at 1.8% of their BW daily on a DM basis. Half of the ration was fed at 0900 h and the other half at 1700 h. Water and mineral blocks (composition, 971 g/kg of salt; 50 mg/kg of Ca; 15 mg/kg of Se; Koen-S, Nippon Zenyaku Kogyo, Co., Ltd., Fukushima, Japan.) were accessible at all times. A 7-d preliminary adjustment period was followed by a 7-d period during which all feces and urine were collected.
Ruminal fluid was sampled immediately before the morning feeding and at 1, 2, and 4 h after feeding on d 15 of each period. Ruminal fluid pH was measured immediately, and the samples were then separated from the feed particles through 2 layers of gauze and centrifuged at 1,200 x g for 15 min. A 30% (wt/vol) perchlorate solution was added to the supernatants at the rate of 0.25 mL/mL of ruminal fluid to deproteinize them, and the resultant fluid samples were then stored frozen (–20 ° C) for later analysis of VFA and ammonia-N.
Intake Trial
Three 2-yr-old Suffolk wethers (76.5 ± 2.1 kg of BW) were used in a 3 x 3 Latin square. Each experimental period lasted for 10 d, with a 7-d adaptation period and a 3-d collection period. Feed was offered twice daily at 0900 and 2100 h in quantities sufficient to allow ad libitum access. Refusals were weighed daily before the morning feeding. Body weight was measured before the morning feeding at the beginning and end of each period. The daily DMI per unit of metabolic BW was calculated. The metabolic BW was calculated using the mean value of initial BW and final BW of each period.
Chemical Analysis
The WCG, TMR silages, and fecal samples were dried in a forced-air oven at 60 ° C for 48 h and ground to pass a 1-mm screen with a Wiley mill (ZM200, Retch GmbH & Co. KG, Haan, Germany). Dry matter, CP, EE, and OM were analyzed according to AOAC Methods 934.01, 976.05, 920.39, and 942.05, respectively (AOAC, 1990). The ADF, NDF, ADIN, and NDF protein were analyzed by the methods of Van Soest et al. (1991). Urinary N was determined with the Kjeltec Auto System 1035 Analyzer (Tecator, Hoganas, Sweden). The GE was determined by using an automatic bomb calorimeter (CA-4PJ, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). Measured TDN was calculated using the following equation: measured TDN = digestible OM + (digestible EE x 1.25) (Itoh, 1977). Fermentation products of the TMR silages were determined from cold-water extracts. Wet silage (10 g) was homogenized with 90 mL of sterilized distilled water and stored at 4 ° C overnight (Cai et al., 1999). The pH was measured with a glass electrode pH meter (MP230, Mettler Toledo, Greifensee, Switzerland), and ammonia-N was determined by steam distillation of the filtrates (Xu et al., 2001). The organic acid contents were measured by HPLC (Cai et al., 1999).
The deproteinized ruminal fluid samples were neutralized with 0.2 mL of 3 M KOH/mL of deproteinized ruminal fluid and centrifuged at 400 x g for 10 min. The VFA and ammonia-N concentrations of the supernatants were measured by HPLC and steam distillation, as for the TMR silage filtrates.
Statistical Analysis
Digestion trial data were analyzed as a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS Inst., Inc. Cary, NC), with diet, period, and block included in the model. Data from the ruminal pH, VFA, and ammonia-N measurements were analyzed separately at each sampling time. Intake data were analyzed as a 3 x 3 Latin square using GLM, with diet, period, and animal included in the model. Polynomial contrasts were used to determine the influence of increasing WCG inclusion in the TMR silages, and the Tukey test (SAS) was used to identify differences (P < 0.05) between means.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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The chemical composition of TMR materials is shown in Table 1
. Wet coffee grounds contained more CP (14.5% DM) than timothy hay (8.6% DM) but less than alfalfa hay (19.6% DM). The EE, NDF, and ADF contents in WCG were greater than in timothy and alfalfa hays. The WCG contained 56.3% of total N as ADIN. Coffee grounds as feed have been reported to have some problems, such as being nutritionally unbalanced and having poor intake (Bartley et al., 1978). Therefore, a better understanding of the ensiling characteristics of WCG is needed so that current technologies can be better applied to use this wet by-product efficiently.
The chemical compositions and fermentation qualities of 225-d TMR silages are shown in Table 2. The 3 kinds of TMR silages were well preserved, as indicated by low pH values and ammonia-N contents, and high lactic acid contents. Increasing concentrations of WCG in the TMR silage resulted in significantly lower lactic acid contents (P = 0.006). Propionic and butyric acids were not detected. These results could be attributed to water-soluble carbohydrates or some non-water-soluble hemicelluloses in the dried beet pulp, alfalfa, and timothy hay being used by inoculated lactic acid bacteria, which resulted in a lactic acid fermentation (Winters et al., 1998). The DM and CP contents of all TMR silages were similar, 42.6 to 43.1%, and 14.5 to 14.8%, respectively. However, the EE (P < 0.001), ADF (P < 0.001), NDF (P < 0.001), and GE (P < 0.001) contents were significantly greater, and nonfiber carbohydrate was significantly (P < 0.001) lower in the TMR with 20% WCG.
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Table 2. Ingredient proportions, nutrient composition, and fermentation characteristics of 225-d total mixed ration (TMR) silages containing 0, 10, or 20% wet coffee grounds (WCG)
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Nutrient digestibility, N balance, energy density, and feed intake of TMR silages are shown in Table 3. Increasing concentrations of WCG in the rations linearly decreased the digestibility of DM (P = 0.009), OM (P = 0.005), CP (P < 0.001), NDF (P < 0.001), and GE (P = 0.009) and quadratically increased that of EE (P = 0.006). The TDN and DE contents of TMR silages at 0 and 10% concentrations of WCG did not differ (P > 0.05). However, the TDN and DE contents were greater (P < 0.05) in these rations than in the TMR silage with 20% WCG. As the level of WCG in the TMR silage increased, N intake did not change (P = 0.071), but fecal and urinary N excretion increased linearly (P < 0.001), and the N retention percentage decreased linearly (P < 0.001). Acid detergent insoluble N occurs in the form of lignin, tannin-protein complexes, and heat-damaged Maillard products that are highly resistant to mammalian and microbial enzymes (Krishnamoorthy et al., 1983). The WCG used in this experiment contained high levels of ADIN, which might be the reason that the digestibility coefficient of CP decreased with increasing WCG concentrations. This agrees with Campbell et al. (1976), who found that the apparent digestibility of CP decreased as the coffee ground concentration of the ration increased. Heating during processing may have caused the high concentration of ADIN in the coffee grounds (Sikka et al., 1985). Because N binds with carbohydrates of the fiber fraction, the digestibility of ADF and NDF also decreased with increased concentrations of WCG. Dry matter intake at the 0 and 10% concentrations of WCG was 96.6 and 94.8 g/kg of BW0.75, respectively, and these were not different (P = 0.20), whereas the DMI at the 20% concentration of WCG was 76.8 g/kg of BW0.75, which was only 80% of that of 0% WCG (quadratic: P = 0.010). Bartley et al. (1978) used Holstein cows to compare grain rations containing 0, 5, or 10% coffee grounds and reported that grain intake progressively decreased with increasing concentrations of coffee grounds. In our study, 10% WCG in the ration did not have a detrimental effect on DMI by wethers, perhaps because the TMR silage improved the intake of WCG for wethers.
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Table 3. Nutrient digestibility, N balance, energy density, and feed intake of total mixed ration (TMR) silages containing 0, 10, or 20% wet coffee grounds (WCG) and fed to wethers
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The changes in pH, ammonia-N, total VFA, and the ratio of acetate to propionate (A:P) in the rumen of wethers fed the TMR silages are shown in Figure 1. Ruminal pH was not different (P = 0.55) among treatments at 1, 2, or 4 h after feeding. Ruminal pH of the 10 and 20% WCG silages was lower than that of the 0% WCG silage (P = 0.02) before feeding. Ruminal total VFA content and ammonia-N were the lowest before feeding for all treatments, and reached the greatest levels 2 h after feeding. Ruminal total VFA content for the 20% WCG silage was lower than that of the 0% WCG silage (P = 0.002) within the first 2 h after feeding. The A:P ratio of ruminal fluid decreased with an increasing percentage of WCG in the TMR silages (P = 0.03). The A:P ratio of the 20% WCG silage was lower (P = 0.01) than that for the 0% WCG silage at all times after feeding. Bartley et al. (1978) reported that the ruminal fluid from Holstein steers receiving coffee grounds had significantly lower concentrations of total VFA than those receiving no coffee grounds, suggesting that coffee grounds may have inhibited rumen microbial fermentation. Batajoo and Shaver (1994) also reported that ruminal pH and A:P increased, and the total VFA concentration decreased, as dietary nonfiber carbohydrate decreased. In our study, increasing concentrations of WCG in the rations decreased the total VFA concentration and the A:P in ruminal fluid. It is possible that rumen microbial fermentation was inhibited by increasing the proportion of WCG.
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Figure 1. Changes in pH, ammonia-N, total VFA, and the molar ratio of acetate to propionate in the ruminal fluid of wethers fed total mixed ration silages. Values are means, and SEM are represented by the vertical bars (n = 6). x,yValues within a time without a common superscript letter differ (P < 0.05).
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Based on the above findings, WCG, which have high moisture and a poor intake, can be well preserved by making a TMR silage. Although the WCG ensiled well as a TMR, based on its low nutrient availability, it should be limited to approximately 10% of the DM in ruminant rations. This study suggests that the WCG TMR silages with limited N retention might best be used for animals on maintenance or for rations with low production expectations.
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IMPLICATIONS
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Three kinds of total mixed rations containing 0, 10, or 20% wet coffee grounds were well preserved as silage. Increasing concentrations of wet coffee grounds in the rations decreased the digestibility of DM, protein, fiber, and energy, and increased that of fat. The energy content and intake of the silages containing 0 and 10% wet coffee grounds were similar and greater than those of silage containing 20% wet coffee grounds. As a result, the recommended proportion of wet coffee grounds to be incorporated into a total mixed ration silage should not exceed 10% of the dietary DM.
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Footnotes
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1 Special thanks to Z. G. Weinberg (The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel) for help with manuscript revision. 
2 Corresponding author: cai{at}affrc.go.jp
Received for publication November 1, 2005.
Accepted for publication November 28, 2006.
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LITERATURE CITED
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AOAC. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., Arlington,VA.
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Batajoo, K. K., and R. D. Shaver. 1994. Impact of nonfiber carbohydrate on intake, digestion, and milk production by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 77:1580–1588.[Abstract]
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Campbell, T. W., E. E. Bartley, R. M. Bechtel, and A. D. Dayton. 1976. Coffee grounds. 1. Effects of coffee grounds on ration digestibility and diuresis in cattle, on in vitro rumen fermentation, and on rat growth. J. Dairy Sci. 59:1452–1460.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
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Winters, A. L., R. J. Merry, M. Muller, D. R. Davies, G. Pahlow, and T. Muller. 1998. Degradation of fructans by epiphytic and inoculant lactic acid bacteria during ensilage of grass. J. Appl. Microbiol. 84:304–312.
Xu, C. C., H. Suzuki, and K. Toyokawa. 2001. Characteristics of ruminal fermentation of wethers fed tofu cake silage with ethanol. Anim. Sci. J. 72:299–305.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION
