J. Anim. Sci. 2004. 82:2123-2130
© 2004 American Society of Animal Science
Effect of field pea level on intake, digestion, microbial efficiency, ruminal fermentation, and in situ disappearance in beef steers fed growing diets
J. J. Reed,
G. P. Lardy1,
M. L. Bauer,
T. C. Gilbery and
J. S. Caton
Department of Animal and Range Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105
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Abstract
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Effects of increasing level of field pea (variety: Profi) on intake, digestion, microbial efficiency, and ruminal fermentation were evaluated in beef steers fed growing diets. Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated crossbred beef steers (367 ± 48 kg initial BW) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square. The control diet consisted of 50% corn, 23% corn silage, 23% alfalfa hay, and 4% supplement (DM basis). Treatments were field pea replacing corn at 0, 33, 67, or 100%. Diets were formulated to contain a minimum of 12% CP, 0.62% Ca, 0.3% P, and 0.8% K (DM basis). Each period was 14 d long. Steers were adapted to the diets for 9 d. On d 10 to 14, intakes were measured. Field pea was incubated in situ, beginning on d 10, for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h. Bags were inserted in reverse order, and all bags were removed at 0 h. Ruminal fluid was collected and pH recorded at –2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 h after feeding on d 13. Duodenal samples were taken for three consecutive days beginning on d 10 in a manner that allowed for a collection to take place every other hour over a 24-h period. Linear, quadratic, and cubic contrasts were used to compare treatments. There were no differences in DMI (12.46 kg/d, 3.16% BW; P > 0.46). Ruminal dry matter fill (P = 0.02) and mean ruminal pH (P = 0.009) decreased linearly with increasing field pea level. Ruminal ammonia-N (P < 0.001) and total VFA concentrations (P = 0.01) increased linearly with increasing field pea level. Total-tract disappearance of OM (P = 0.03), N (P = 0.01), NDF (P = 0.02), and ADF (P = 0.05) increased linearly with an increasing field pea level. There were no differences in total-tract disappearance of starch (P = 0.35). True ruminal N disappearance increased linearly (P < 0.001) with increasing field pea level. There were no differences in ruminal disappearance of OM (P = 0.79), starch (P = 0.77), NDF (P = 0.21), or ADF (P = 0.77). Treatment did not affect microbial efficiency (P = 0.27). Field pea is a highly digestible, nutrient-dense legume grain that ferments rapidly in the rumen. Because of their relatively high level of protein, including field peas in growing diets will decrease the need for protein supplementation. Based on these data, it seems that field pea is a suitable substitute for corn in growing diets.
Key Words: Cattle • Corn • Digestibility • Fermentation • Growing • Pea
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Introduction
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Field pea (Pisum sativum) production in North Dakota has increased dramatically from approximately 5,600 ha in 1994 to 55,800 ha in 2003 (NDASS, 2003
). The feed industry is an excellent potential market for peas (Corbett, 1994). Until recently, there has been a lack of information available on the nutritive attributes of feeding peas to ruminants. Recent research has focused on feeding field peas in growing and finishing rations. Researchers have reported similar DMI when field peas replaced cereal grains in growing diets (Anderson, 1999; Poland and Landblom, 1996). Okine (2001) reported increased G:F when field peas replaced barley and soybean meal in growing diets. Poland and Landblom (1996) reported no difference in G:F when field pea replaced barley and soybean meal in 33% concentrate diets, whereas replacement with field peas in 77% concentrate diets decreased G:F. Flatt and Stanton (2000) replaced corn with field peas at 5, 10, and 20% in 86% concentrate finishing diets fed to beef steers and heifers. Dry matter intake decreased linearly and G:F increased linearly. Birkelo et al. (2000) replaced 10% of corn with field peas in 77% concentrate finishing diets. Inclusion of field peas increased ADG and G:F over the first 56 d of the trial; however, there were no differences between treatments for performance or carcass characteristics over the entire trial.
Limited research has been conducted on the effects of field peas on intake, digestion, microbial protein synthesis, and ruminal fermentation in cattle fed grower diets. We hypothesized that field peas could replace corn in growing beef cattle diets and that changes in digestion would be either minimal or favorable toward field pea inclusion. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate effects of increasing field pea level on intake, digestion, microbial efficiency, and ruminal fermentation in beef steers fed growing diets based on corn, corn silage, and alfalfa hay.
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Materials and Methods
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Animals and Diets
Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated beef steers (367 ± 48 kg initial BW) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. The North Dakota State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved all surgical procedures, animal care, and animal-handling protocols. Steers were housed in an enclosed barn in individual tie stalls (1.5 x 2.5 m). Animals were allowed ad libitum access to water and diets. The control diet consisted of 50% rolled corn, 23% corn silage, 23% alfalfa hay, and 4% supplement (DM basis; Table 1). Rolled field peas replaced rolled corn at treatment levels of 0, 33, 67, and 100% (DM basis; Table 1). Diets were formulated to contain a minimum of 12% CP, 0.62% Ca, 0.3% P, and 0.8% K (DM basis). Steers were fed totally mixed diets twice daily at 12-h intervals.
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Table 1. Composition, analyzed dietary nutrient content, and in vitro OM disappearance (IVOMD) of diets fed to beef steers
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Sample Collection
Each experimental period was 14 d long, with a 9-d adaptation period. Feed and ort samples were collected on d 10 to 14 and composited within steer and across days. Steers were weighed at the beginning and end of each period. Chromic oxide (8 g) was dosed ruminally twice daily at 0700 and 1900 on d 4 to 12 via gelatin capsules (Torpac, Inc., Fairfield, NJ). Duodenal fluid samples (200 mL) were collected on d 10 to 13. Samples were composited within steer for each period. Samples were collected in a manner that allowed for a collection to take place every other hour on a 24 h clock. On d 10, sampling took place at 0700, 1300, and 1900. On d 11, sampling took place at 0100, 0900, 1500, and 2100. Sampling took place at 0300, 1100, 1700, and 2300 on d 12, and at 0500 on d 13. Steers were fitted with fecal collection bags on d 10 to 14. Fecal bags were emptied and weighed twice daily at 12-h intervals. Fecal subsamples (10% of output) were composited within steer and across days for each period. Samples were stored frozen (–20°C) until analyses.
In situ bags were incubated on d 10 through 13. Rolled field peas (2,623 µm; 5 g) were placed in Dacron bags (10 x 20 cm; 50 ± 15 µm pore size; Ankom, Fairport, NY) and ruminally incubated for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h. Bags were inserted in reverse order and all bags were removed at 0 h and rinsed with a hose to remove large particulate matter. In situ bags were then rinsed in a top-loading wash machine (model WJXR2080TSWW, General Electric, Louisville, KY). The machine was filled with 45 L of cold water. The bags were agitated for 1 min, drained, and spun for 2 min using the delicate cycle. This cycle was repeated five times. Bags were dried in a forced-air oven (50°C; model SB-350, The Grieve Corp., Round Lake, IL) and stored at room temperature until analysis.
On d 13 of each period, ruminal fluid samples were collected at –2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 h after feeding. Ruminal fluid was collected with a suction strainer, and pH was recorded using a pH meter and combination electrode (model 2000, Beckman Instruments, Inc.; Fullerton, CA). A 4-mL sample of ruminal fluid was retained, and 1 mL of 25% HPO3 was added to the fluid. Samples were frozen (–20°C) for later analysis of NH3-N and VFA.
Ruminal evacuations were performed on d 14 of each period to determine DM fill. Ruminal contents of each steer were removed, weighed, mixed, and subsampled for DM, OM, ADF, and NDF analysis. A 4-kg sample of ruminal contents was taken and 2 L of formalin/saline solution (3.7% formaldehyde/0.9% NaCl) was added (Zinn and Owens, 1986) for isolation of bacterial cells and analysis for DM, ash, N, and purines. Samples were stored frozen (–20°C) until analysis.
Laboratory Analysis
Dietary, ort, ruminal content, and fecal samples were dried at 50°C in a forced-air oven for 48 h. Dried samples were ground with a Wiley mill (model 3, 2.0-mm screen; Arthur H. Thomas, Philadelphia, PA). Duodenal samples were lyophilized (Virtis Genesis 25LL; The Virtis Co., Inc., Gardiner, NY) and ground with a blender (Osterizer Galaxie Pulse Matic I6, Sunbeam, Purvis, MS).
Dietary, ort, fecal, and duodenal samples were analyzed for DM, OM, N (Methods 930.15, 942.05, and 990.02, respectively; AOAC, 1990), ADF (Goering and Van Soest, 1970), and NDF (Robertson and Van Soest, 1991). Dietary, ort, fecal, and duodenal samples were also analyzed for starch (Herrera-Saldana and Huber, 1989). Ruminal samples were analyzed for DM, OM (Methods 930.15 and 942.05, respectively; AOAC, 1990), ADF (Goering and Van Soest, 1970), and NDF (Robertson and Van Soest, 1991). Duodenal samples were analyzed for Cr (Czarnocki et al., 1961). Chromium concentrations were determined by the spectrophotometric method (Fenton and Fenton, 1979). Ruminal digestibility was calculated by subtracting duodenal flow rate from intake and then dividing by intake. Intestinal digestibility was calculated by subtracting fecal outflow from duodenal flow rate and then dividing by duodenal flow rate. Feed samples were analyzed for in vitro organic matter disappearance (IVOMD) using the procedure of Tilley and Terry (1963) with modifications (samples were centrifuged and the supernatant discarded before adding pepsin). In situ residue was analyzed for DM, N (Methods 930.15 and 990.02, respectively; AOAC, 1990), NDF (Robertson and Van Soest, 1991), and purines (Zinn and Owens, 1986).
Ruminal fluid was thawed and centrifuged (20,000 x g; 10 min). Liquid was filtered through a 0.45-µm filter and placed in storage tubes. Ruminal VFA concentrations were determined by gas chromatography (model GC 9A, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) and separated on a packed column (model SP-1200; Supelco, Bellefonte, PA) with 2-ethyl butyric acid as the internal standard (Goetsch and Galyean, 1983).
Bacterial cells were isolated from ruminal contents that contained 2 L of formalin/saline solution. Ruminal contents were blended (model 37Bl19, Waring; New Hartford, CT), and the mixture was strained through two layers of cheesecloth. Feed particles and protozoa in ruminal samples were removed via centrifugation at 500 x g for 20 min. The sample was then centrifuged twice at 30,000 x g for 20 min to collect the bacteria from the supernatant. Isolated bacteria were frozen, lyophilized, and analyzed for DM, OM, N (Methods 930.15, 942.05, and 990.02, respectively; AOAC, 1990), and purines (Zinn and Owens, 1986).
Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed as a 4 x 4 Latin square using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC). The model contained effects for period, animal, and diet. Ruminal data over time were analyzed as a repeated measures design (Gill and Hafs, 1971). The model included effects for period, animal, treatment, sampling time, treatment x sampling time, and animal x period x treatment. The three-way interaction was used in the error term to test for treatment effects. Means were separated using linear, quadratic, and cubic contrasts. For in situ field pea analysis, 0-h disappearance was the amount of DM disappearance from washing and drying. Slope was determined regressing the natural log of the amount of DM remaining at each hour in time. Ruminal degradability was calculated by the following equation (Mathers and Miller, 1981): 0 h disappearance + (100 – 0 h disappearance)[slope/(slope + 0.05)].
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Results and Discussion
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There were no differences in DMI among the treatments expressed as either kg/d or as a percentage of BW (P = 0.46 and 0.92, respectively; Table 2). Similarly, Poland and Landblom (1996) and Okine (2001) reported no differences in DMI when field peas were compared with a barley and SBM or barley and canola meal combinations in 70 and 63% concentrate growing diets, respectively. Anderson (1999) reported increased DMI (percentage of BW) when field peas replaced barley in 50% concentrate grower diets. In contrast, Poland and Landblom (1996), in a second study with field peas, reported decreased DMI with field peas compared with a combination of barley and SBM in 30% concentrate diets.
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Table 2. Effect of an increasing level of field pea inclusion on dry matter intake and ruminal fill in steers fed growing diets
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Ruminal DM fill decreased linearly (P = 0.02) with an increasing field pea inclusion. Decreasing ruminal DM fill may be an effect of increasing levels of degradable intake protein (DIP) with an increasing field pea inclusion. Decreasing ruminal DM fill with increasing levels of DIP has often been reported in cattle fed forage-based diets (Köster et al., 1996; Heldt et al., 1999; Bodine et al., 2000).
There was no difference in organic matter intake between the treatments (kilograms or percentage of BW; P = 0.84 and 0.91, respectively; Table 3). No differences in duodenal OM flow (P = 0.43), true ruminal OM digestion (P = 0.81), or intestinal OM digestion (P = 0.29) were detected. Fecal OM flow decreased quadratically (P = 0.05) and apparent total-tract OM disappearance increased quadratically (P = 0.09) with increasing field pea inclusion. Apparent total-tract digestion of NDF and ADF followed patterns similar to those of OM (data not shown). Laboratory analysis indicated that field pea had slightly higher IVOMD than corn (95.7 vs. 93.0%). This may partially explain the linear increase in apparent total-tract OM disappearance with increasing field pea inclusion. Apparent total-tract OM disappearance was 68.5% for the corn diet. Zinn (1990) reported 76% total-tract disappearance in diets containing 75% corn. Overton et al. (1995) compared five different ratios of starch from ground shelled corn and steam-rolled barley in 50% concentrate diets for lactating cows. In their work, ruminal OM digestion increased linearly, but there were no differences in apparent total-tract OM digestion with an increasing level of barley starch in the diet. Yang et al. (1997b) reported a trend for increased ruminal OM digestibility and no difference in apparent total-tract OM digestibility when corn replaced barley in diets for lactating dairy cows. Similarly, DePeters and Taylor (1985) and Yang et al. (1997a) reported no differences in apparent total-tract OM digestibility when replacing corn with barley in diets for lactating dairy cows. Limited research has been conducted on the effects of field peas on intake, digestion, microbial efficiency, and ruminal fermentation; therefore, we have compared much of our data to studies that have replaced corn with barley. Barley is similar to field pea in that it is higher in CP, DIP, and fiber, and lower in starch compared with corn.
By design, nitrogen intake increased linearly (P < 0.001) with increasing field pea inclusion (Table 4). Total N flow to the duodenum increased linearly (P = 0.02) with increasing field pea inclusion, whereas bacterial N flow to the duodenum (P = 0.41) and nonbacterial N flow to the duodenum (P = 0.16) were not affected. When replacing corn with barley in diets for lactating dairy cows, many researchers (McCarthy et al., 1989; Overton et al., 1995; Yang et al., 1997b) have reported no differences in total N or nonammonia nitrogen flow to the duodenum. McCarthy et al. (1989), Overton et al. (1995), and Spicer et al. (1986) reported that nonammonia, nonbacterial N flow to the duodenum decreased when replacing corn with barley; however, Yang et al. (1997b) reported no difference. Bacterial N (percentage of duodenal DM flow and of total duodenal N flow) was not affected (P > 0.21), and bacterial N:purine and bacterial N:OM ratios decreased linearly (P < 0.001) with increasing field pea inclusion. Apparent and true ruminal N disappearance and total-tract N disappearance increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing field pea inclusion. Petit et al. (1997) partially replaced corn and SBM with 20.2% raw or extruded field peas in 50% concentrate diets for lactating dairy cows. Similar to our results, their data indicated that apparent total-tract N digestibility increased with the inclusion of field peas. When replacing corn with barley, Overton et al. (1995) reported an increase in apparent total-tract digestion of N. McCarthy et al. (1989) reported a trend for increased apparent total-tract digestion of N when barley replaced corn in 52% concentrate diets for lactating dairy cows. DePeters and Taylor (1985) and Yang et al. (1997b) reported no differences in apparent total-tract digestibility of N between corn and barley diets.
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Table 4. Effect of an increasing level of field pea inclusion on N flow and digestion, bacterial composition, and microbial efficiency in steers fed growing diets
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Starch intake (grams and g/100 g of BW; P = 0.001 and 0.003, respectively) and flow to the duodenum (P = 0.008) decreased linearly with increasing field pea inclusion (Table 5). The decreases in starch intake and flow to the duodenum were expected because the corn was higher in starch than were the field peas (72.4 vs. 47.0%). Although starch content of the diets differed dramatically, NDF content of the diets were similar because the corn and field peas were similar in NDF content (8.98 and 8.95% NDF for corn and field peas, respectively). There were no differences in ruminal starch disappearance relative to intake (P = 0.77), intestinal starch disappearance relative to intake (P = 0.95), or apparent total tract disappearance (P = 0.35). Similar ruminal starch degradation values have been reported for both corn and field pea (Petit et al., 1997; Philippeau et al., 1999). Philippeau et al. (1999) reported that 61.9% of cornstarch was ruminally degradable and suggested that nearly 100% of cornstarch was digested in the total tract. Petit et al. (1997) reported that 48.3 and 59.9% (ground and cracked, respectively) of field pea starch was potentially degradable in the rumen. Overton et al. (1995) and Yang et al. (1997b) reported that ruminal and apparent total-tract digestibility of starch was higher in lactating dairy cows fed barley than in cows fed corn. McCarthy et al. (1989) and Yang et al. (1997a) reported that apparent digestibility of starch in the total tract increased when barley replaced corn in diets (52 and 60% concentrate, respectively) fed to lactating dairy cows. Yang et al. (1997b) attributed this to lower ruminal starch digestibility of corn compared to barley.
There were no treatment x sampling time interactions for ruminal fermentation data (P > 0.10; Table 6). There was a cubic (P < 0.001) response for mean ruminal pH; pH remained steady from 0 to 33%, decreased from 33 to 66%, and increased from 66 to 100%. Ruminal pH of 5.6 and 5.2 are often used as benchmarks for chronic and acute acidosis (Owens et al., 1998). Acidosis was not an issue in our study because diets contained a considerable amount of roughage (34.5%). Shain et al. (1998) reported no effect on ruminal pH with an increasing level of DIP from urea in finishing diets that ranged from 8.9 to 14.1% CP. In comparison, our diets ranged from 14.5 to 22.1% CP.
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Table 6. Effect of an increasing level of field pea inclusion on ruminal pH, NH3-N, and VFA concentration in steers fed growing diets
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Ruminal NH3-N increased quadratically (P < 0.001) with increasing field pea inclusion (Table 6
). The increase in ruminal NH3-N was expected and is related to the increased dietary CP level as field pea level replaced corn in the diet. Ruminal NH3-N values were above the minimum recommended levels for maximum microbial growth (0.97 to 2.42 mM) suggested by Satter and Slyter (1974). Petit et al. (1997) suggested that a greater rapidly soluble fraction of CP could result in greater increases in ruminal NH3 concentration.
Total ruminal VFA concentrations increased cubically (P = 0.01) with increasing inclusion of field pea (Table 6). Volatile fatty acids are a major end product of ruminal fermentation; therefore, our data indicate that replacing corn with field peas resulted in increased ruminal fermentation. Additional research evaluating the effects of field peas on ruminal VFA concentration is needed to confirm these results. Similarly, Milton et al. (1997) reported a linear increase in total VFA concentrations as the level of DIP from urea increased in steers fed corn-based finishing diets. Shain et al. (1998) reported no differences in total VFA concentrations with increasing levels of DIP in steers fed corn-based finishing diets. The molar proportion of acetate decreased linearly (P = 0.02), whereas propionate was unaffected by treatment (P = 0.38). There were no differences in the molar proportions of butyrate (P = 0.21), isobutyrate (P = 0.21), valerate (P = 0.57), or isovalerate (P = 0.21). The acetate:propionate ratio responded cubically (P = 0.03) to an increasing inclusion of field pea. The acetate:propionate ratio increased from 0 to 33%, decreased from 33 to 67%, and increased from 67 to 100% field pea exchanged for corn. Shain et al. (1998) reported no differences in the molar proportions of acetate, propionate, butyrate, or the acetate:propionate ratio with increasing levels of DIP in corn-based finishing diets.
No differences were detected for field pea in situ 0-h disappearance (P = 0.40), slope (P = 0.16), or intercept (P = 0.19; Table 7). Rumen degradability of field pea responded cubically (P = 0.04) as it did not change between 0 and 33%, decreased from 33 to 67%, and increased from 67 to 100%. Petit et al. (1997) reported DM disappearances of 11.7 and 13.8 %/h for ground and cracked field peas in Holstein cows fed 56% concentrate diets. Bayourthe et al. (2000) reported DM disappearances of 12.1 and 19.6%/h for 2,025- and 1,042-µm field pea particles in Holstein cows fed 30% concentrate diets. In our study, DM disappearance averaged 6.3%/h ranging from 3.2 to 8.2%/h (2,623 µm particle size). In situ DM disappearance was slower in our study possibly because of a larger particle size.
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Table 7. Effect of an increasing level of field pea inclusion on in situ 0 h disappearance, slope, intercept, and ruminal degradability of field peas in steers fed growing diets
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Our data indicate that field pea is a suitable substitute for corn in growing diets for beef cattle. Replacing corn with field peas in beef growing diets had no affect on DMI, ruminal starch disappearance, or total-tract starch disappearance. However, replacing corn with field peas resulted in increased total VFA concentration, ruminal N disappearance, and total-tract disappearance of N and OM. Additional data on net energy values of field peas and effects of processing would improve utilization of field peas in beef cattle diets.
1 Correspondence: 177 Hultz Hall (phone: 701-231-7660; fax: 701-231-7590; e-mail: glardy{at}ndsuext.nodak.edu).
Received for publication September 9, 2003.
Accepted for publication March 1, 2004.
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Abstract
Introduction
