J. Anim. Sci. 2003. 81:1671-1680
© 2003 American Society of Animal Science
Combinations of alfalfa hay and wet corn gluten feed in limit-fed growing diets for beef cattle1
S. P. Montgomery,
J. S. Drouillard2,
J. J. Sindt,
T. B. Farran,
J. N. Pike,
A. M. Trater,
C. M. Coetzer,
H. J. LaBrune,
R. D. Hunter and
R. A. Stock3
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-1600
2 Correspondence:
Call Hall, Room 133 (phone: 785-532-1204; fax: 785-532-5681; E-mail:
jdrouill{at}oznet.ksu.edu).
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Abstract
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Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of alfalfa hay (AH) and wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) combinations on ADG and gain efficiency of cattle limit-fed growing diets. In Exp. 1, crossbred beef steers (n = 220; initial BW = 262 kg) were limit-fed diets consisting of steam-flaked corn and 40% WCGF (DM basis) with 0, 10, or 20% ground AH (0AH, 10AH, and 20AH, respectively). A fourth diet containing 20% ground AH and steam-flaked corn served as a control. All diets were fed once daily at 1.8% of BW (DM basis). Growing period ADG, gain efficiency, and dietary NE calculated from performance data decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with addition of AH to diets containing WCGF. Rate of DMI increased linearly (P < 0.05) with AH addition to diets containing WCGF. Following the growing period, steers were finished on a common diet offered ad libitum. Gain efficiencies during the finishing period were higher (P < 0.05) for steers fed the 20AH diet than for steers fed the control diet. In Exp. 2, crossbred beef heifers (n = 339; initial BW = 277 kg) were limit-fed diets containing steam-flaked corn with 10, 20, or 30% ground AH and 0, 40, or 68% WCGF in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement, fed once daily at 1.6% of BW (DM basis). An AH x WCGF interaction occurred (P < 0.05) for growing period ADG and gain efficiency. Increasing AH or WCGF decreased cattle ADG, gain efficiency, and dietary NE with the exception of heifers fed 30AH/40WCGF, which had ADG that did not differ (P > 0.10) from that of heifers fed 20AH/0WCGF or 30AH/0WCGF, and which had greater gain efficiencies (P < 0.05) than heifers fed 30AH/0WCGF. Rate of DMI increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing AH and decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing WCGF. Heifers were finished on diets containing 33% WCGF with 0 or 0.5% added urea (DM basis) offered ad libitum. Increasing WCGF in growing diets tended (linear, P < 0.10) to increase finishing ADG and gain efficiency, whereas increasing AH decreased (linear, P < 0.05) kidney, pelvic, and heart fat, and the percentage of carcasses grading USDA Prime. Urea tended to increase ADG (P < 0.10), but decreased (P < 0.04) the percentage of carcasses grading USDA Choice. Results suggest that the value of WCGF relative to steam-flaked corn in limit-fed growing diets might be improved in diets containing 30% AH relative to diets containing 10 or 20% AH.
Key Words: Alfalfa Hay • Cattle • Maize Gluten • Restricted Feeding
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Introduction
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Wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) is a by-product of the corn wet milling industry and consists mainly of corn bran and corn steep liquor. Wet corn gluten feed can replace 50% of dietary DM in high-grain diets without negatively affecting gain efficiency (Firkins et al., 1985; Green et al., 1987; Hussein and Berger, 1995). Optimal concentrations of WCGF in diets offered for ad libitum consumption are well established, but research regarding optimal concentrations of WCGF in limit-fed diets is lacking. Hussein and Berger (1995) found that increasing the concentration of WCGF by replacing high-moisture corn in limit-fed diets linearly decreased growing ADG and gain efficiency of heifers. However, in their study, dietary roughage concentration was fixed at 5% of the diet. Research has demonstrated that the value of WCGF relative to corn might depend on the amount of roughage in the diet (Ham et al., 1995). This might be due to the inherent ability of WCGF to provide energy without the reduction in fiber digestion often observed when high amounts of starch are fed (Cordes et al., 1988).
The CP fraction of WCGF consists of 75% degradable intake protein (DIP) (NRC, 1996) and is degraded rapidly in the rumen (9.46%/h), having a rate of N disappearance similar to that of soybean meal (Firkins et al., 1984). Research has shown that WCGF alone can meet the DIP requirements of cattle consuming either dry-rolled or cracked corn-based finishing diets when included at 50% of diet DM (Firkins et al., 1985; Bowman and Paterson, 1988; Richards et al., 1998). However, data is limited regarding the effectiveness of WCGF as a source of DIP in finishing diets containing steam-flaked corn.
The objectives of these two experiments were to identify optimal concentrations of roughage and WCGF in limit-fed growing diets, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of WCGF as a source of DIP in finishing-diets containing steam-flaked corn.
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Materials and Methods
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Procedures for both Exp. 1 and Exp. 2 were approved by the Kansas State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
Experiment 1.
Two hundred twenty crossbred (British x Continental) beef steers initially weighing 262 ± 10 kg were used in a randomized complete block design to determine optimum concentrations of alfalfa hay (AH) in limit-fed, high-energy growing diets containing steam-flaked corn and WCGF. Steers were implanted with Synovex-S (200 mg of progesterone and 20 mg of estradiol benzoate: Fort Dodge Animal Health, Overland Park, KS) 40 d before the start of the growing period and were allowed ad libitum access to a common diet that contained 32% steam-flaked corn and 39% AH for 14 d preceding the growing period to minimize differences in gastrointestinal tract fill. Cattle were housed in 36 concrete-surfaced pens (36.5 m2) with metal roofs covering the feed bunk and half of the pen. Steers were previously assigned randomly to pens so that pens contained five to seven steers each (average bunk space = 59.4 cm/steer). Pens of steers were weighed, allotted to one of three blocks based on pen location and were assigned randomly to one of four treatments for a total of nine pens per treatment. Treatments consisted of diets (Table 1
) containing steam-flaked corn and 40% WCGF (DM basis) with 0, 10, or 20% AH replacing steam-flaked corn (0AH, 10AH, and 20AH). A fourth diet containing 20% ground AH and steam-flaked corn with no WCGF was used as a control (CON). In order to maintain DMI at 1.8% of BW, the amount of feed offered was increased every 7 d based on an overall estimated ADG of 0.95 kg/steer. All diets contained 33 mg of monensin/kg (Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN). On d 12, 25, 39, 55, 67, and 81, feed was removed 2 h after feeding, immediately weighed to measure rate of DMI, and returned to the respective feed bunk. Prior to obtaining final weights for the growing period, cattle were stratified by growing treatment, and as part of a concurrent study, were allowed ad libitum access for 14 d to diets containing either 58% steam-flaked corn and 30% AH, or 23% steam-flaked corn and 65% AH. At the end of the 102-d growing period, steers were weighed, implanted with Synovex Plus (200 mg of progesterone and 28 mg of estradiol benzoate; Fort Dodge Animal Health, Overland Park, KS), and fed a common finishing diet. The final finishing diet (Table 1) contained 82% steam-flaked corn, 7% ground AH, 33 mg of monensin/kg, and 11 mg of tylosin/kg (Elanco Animal Health) and was offered once daily to allow ad libitum consumption. Steers were fed for 101 d, weighed, and then transported to a commercial abattoir where carcass data were collected. Hot carcass weights and liver scores were obtained at time of harvest. Longissimus muscle area; subcutaneous fat thickness over 12th rib; kidney, pelvic, and heart fat; marbling score; USDA quality grades; and USDA yield grades were measured following a 24-h chill. Final BW was calculated by dividing hot carcass weight by a common dressing percentage of 64.20%. During the course of the finishing period, one steer receiving the CON diet and two steers fed the 10AH diet became lame and were removed from study.
Calculation of Diet NEm and NEg Values.
Dietary NE values based on steer data between d 14 and 88 were determined for each pen according to Loest et al. (2001) using NRC (1984) equations for medium-framed, implanted steers.
Statistical Analysis.
Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC) with pen as the experimental unit and model effects including block and treatment. Residual error served as the error term. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test for linear and quadratic effects of AH. Nonorthogonal contrasts were used to compare least squared means for each of the diets containing WCGF to that of the control diet.
Experiment 2.
Three hundred and thirty-nine crossbred beef heifers initially weighing 277 ± 10 kg were used in a randomized complete block design to determine optimal combinations of AH and WCGF in limit-fed growing diets containing steam-flaked corn. Heifers were implanted with Ralgro (36 mg of zeranol; Schering-Plough Animal Health, Union, NJ) 42 d earlier and were offered a 32% steam-flaked corn and 39% AH diet for ad libitum consumption for 15 d preceding the growing period to minimize differences in gastrointestinal tract fill. Cattle were housed in 54 concrete-surfaced pens as described in Exp. 1. Heifers were individually weighed and randomly allotted to pens containing four to seven heifers per pen (average bunk space = 58.8 cm/heifer), and pens were assigned to one of six blocks based on mean individual BW of each pen. Treatments were assigned randomly within block and consisted of diets (Table 2) containing 10, 20, or 30% ground AH and 0, 40, or 68% WCGF (DM basis) in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement. The amount of feed offered was increased weekly as in Exp. 1, with the exception of using an estimated overall ADG of 0.91 kg. All diets provided 33 mg of monensin/kg and were provided once daily at 1.6% of BW (DM basis) for 84 d. On d 8, 22, 37, 51, 64, and 79, unconsumed feed was removed from feed bunks 2 h after feeding, weighed to measure rate of DMI, and returned to the respective feed bunk. Prior to obtaining final weights for the growing period, cattle were allowed ad libitum consumption for 15 d of a common diet containing 30% steam-flaked corn, 30% AH, and 33% WCGF (DM basis). At the end of the 99-d growing period, heifers were weighed, implanted with Synovex Plus, and assigned randomly within previous growing diet to one of two finishing treatments so that each growing diet was represented equally among finishing treatments. The final finishing diets (Table 3) contained 0 or 0.5% added urea (DM basis), and provided 300 mg of monensin, 90 mg of tylosin, and 0.5 mg of melengesterol acetate (Pharmacia Animal Health, Kalamazoo, MI) per heifer daily. Monensin, tylosin, and melengesterol acetate were provided by feeding 0.2 kg (DM basis) of a supplement per heifer daily, mixed in the diet. Finishing diets were offered once daily to allow for ad libitum consumption. Heifers were fed for 74 d, weighed and then harvested. Carcass data were collected in the same manner as in Exp. 1. Final BW was calculated by dividing hot carcass weight by a common dressing percentage of 63.36%.
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Table 2. Composition of growing diets limit-fed to heifers in Exp. 2 at 10, 20, and 30% alfalfa hay (AH) and 0, 40, and 68% wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) (% of DM).
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Calculation of Diet NEm and NEg Values.
Dietary NE values based on heifer data between d 14 and 84 were determined for each pen as described in Exp. 1 with the exception that NRC (1984) equations for medium-framed, implanted heifers were used.
Statistical Analysis.
Effects of growing treatment on growing performance, DMI rate, finishing performance, and carcass characteristics were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the GLM procedure of SAS, with pen as the experimental unit and model effects consisting of block, AH concentration, WCGF concentration, and the interaction between the two. Residual error served as the error term. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test for linear and quadratic effects of AH and WCGF concentration. When a AH x WCGF interaction was detected using the overall F-test (P < 0.05), means were separated using pairwise t-tests. Effects of urea on finishing performance and carcass characteristics were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the GLM procedure of SAS, with means separated by the overall F-test. Experimental unit was pen and model effects consisted of block and finishing treatment, with residual error serving as the error term. Finishing treatment x AH x WCGF interactions were tested for but were not detected; therefore the term was removed from the model.
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Results and Discussion
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Experiment 1.
Replacing steam-flaked corn with AH in limit-fed growing diets containing 40% WCGF decreased (linear, P < 0.01) cattle ADG, gain efficiency, and dietary net energy values (Table 4) during the growing period. Average daily gain, gain efficiency, and dietary NE values were greater for steers fed the 0AH diet (P < 0.05) than for steers fed the CON diet. This appears to be a direct result of the increased NE content of the 0AH diet because it contained a higher percentage of steam-flaked corn than either the 10AH or 20AH diet (9 and 19% greater steam-flaked corn, respectively). The greater ADG, gain efficiency, and dietary NE of steers fed the 0AH diet compared with steers fed the CON diet suggests that 0AH diet provided adequate roughage and that the NE value of WCGF was superior to the combination of ingredients it replaced. Average daily gain, gain efficiency, and dietary NE values of steers fed the 10AH or 20AH diet were not different from the CON diet (P > 0.40), although the 10AH and 20AH diet contained 20 and 30% less steam-flaked corn, respectively. The similar ADG and gain efficiencies of steers fed the 20AH and CON diets disagrees with Hussein and Berger (1995), who reported a linear decrease in ADG and gain efficiency during the growing period when WCGF replaced high-moisture corn. However, in our experiment, both the 20AH and CON diet contained 20% AH, whereas Hussein and Berger (1995) fixed the roughage concentration at 5% of limit-fed diets. This suggests that the value of WCGF relative to corn in limit-fed growing diets might be improved when increased roughage concentrations are fed.
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Table 4. Performance during the growing period of steers limit-fed diets containing 40% wet corn gluten feed with 0, 10, or 20% alfalfa hay (AH), or a diet containing 20% AH and no wet corn gluten feed (Control), Exp. 1.
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Increasing the concentration of AH in diets containing 40% WCGF linearly increased (P < 0.05) DMI 2 h after feeding (Figure 1). Whether this is an effect of palatability, a chemostatic response to decreased energy intake, or a learned aversion to diets containing lower concentrations of alfalfa hay due to bouts of acidosis is not known.
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Figure 1. Dry matter intake 2 h after feeding steers limit-fed growing diets containing 40% wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) with 0, 10, or 20% alfalfa hay (AH), or a control diet containing 20% AH and no WCGF (CONTROL), Exp. 1. Linear effect of AH among diets containing WCGF (P < 0.05).
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Finishing period ADG (Table 5) did not differ among treatments (P > 0.40). Steers previously fed the CON diet had greater (P < 0.05) DMI during the finishing period than steers previously fed the 0AH diet. Gain efficiencies during the finishing period were greater for steers previously fed the 20AH diet than for steers previously fed the CON diet.
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Table 5. Finishing performance and carcass characteristics of steers limit-fed growing diets containing 40% wet corn gluten feed with 0, 10, or 20% alfalfa hay (AH), or a diet containing 20% AH and no wet corn gluten feed (Control), Exp. 1
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Experiment 2.
An AH x WCGF concentration interaction (P < 0.05) occurred for cattle gain efficiency and dietary net energy values between d 14 and 84, and for cattle ADG and gain efficiency for the entire 99 d growing period (Table 6). Increasing the dietary concentration of AH or WCGF decreased heifer ADG, gain efficiency, and dietary NE values during the growing period with the exception of heifers limit-fed the diet containing 30% AH and 40% WCGF, which had ADG similar (P > 0.10) to heifers limit-fed diets containing 20% AH and 0% WCGF, as well as heifers limit-fed diets containing 30% AH and 0% WCGF. Heifers limit-fed the diet containing 30% AH and 40% WCGF also had greater (P < 0.05) gain efficiencies than heifers limit-fed diets containing 30% AH and 0% WCGF. The observed decreases in ADG and gain efficiency of heifers limit-fed diets containing 10% AH with increasing concentrations of WCGF is in agreement with Hussein and Berger (1995). However, increases in ADG and gain efficiency of heifers limit-fed diets containing 40% WCGF and 30% AH agrees with Ham et al. (1995), suggesting that the value of WCGF relative to steam-flaked corn might be increased with greater amounts of roughage in limit-fed growing diets.
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Table 6. Performance by heifers limit-fed growing diets containing 10, 20, or 30% alfalfa hay (AH) and 0, 40, or 68% wet corn gluten feed (WCGF), Exp. 2.
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Increasing the concentration of AH in the diet linearly (P < 0.01) increased DMI within 2 h of feeding (Figure 2), whereas increasing the level of WCGF linearly decreased (P < 0.01) DMI within 2 h of feeding. The possible reasons for the observed effects of AH on rate of DMI have been previously discussed; however, the reasons behind the effect of WCGF decreasing rate of DMI are not clear.
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Figure 2. Dry matter intake 2 h after feeding heifers limit-fed growing diets containing 10, 20, or 30% alfalfa hay (AH) and 0, 40, or 68% wet corn gluten feed (WCGF), Exp. 2. Alfalfa hay x WCGF interaction (P > 0.18); therefore, only main effects of AH and WCGF are presented. Linear effect of AH (P < 0.01). Linear effect of WCGF (P < 0.01).
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The observed effect of WCGF on DMI within 2 h of feeding might be of interest in limit-fed diets. Limit-fed cattle often have meal-eating behavior (rapidly consuming large amounts of a diet) (Zinn, 1986; Löest et al., 2001). Rapid intakes of highly fermentable diets due to meal-eating behavior might cause feed-related metabolic disorders, such as acidosis, founder, and bloat. Compared to grain, WCGF contains a greater proportion of dietary energy in the form of fermentable fiber rather than starch, and thus might decrease the negative effects of meal eating on ruminal fermentation. Krehbiel et al (1995) evaluated the effectiveness of WCGF as a possible means of preventing acidosis in cattle and found that although WCGF did not eliminate acidosis altogether, it did decrease the length of time that rumen pH remained below 6.0 compared with dry-rolled corn. The decrease in the rate of DMI from the addition of WCGF observed in the current study might help to decrease the incidence of acidosis as well. Although WCGF has been reported to decrease DMI in dairy cows (Staples et al., 1984), to our knowledge these are the only data regarding the effect of WCGF on rate of DMI.
Increasing AH concentration during the growing period decreased (linear, P < 0.05) hot carcass weight; kidney, pelvic, and heart fat; the percentage of carcasses grading USDA Prime; and tended to decrease (linear, P < 0.08) longissimus muscle area and dressing percentage (Table 7). Increasing WCGF concentration during the growing period tended (linear, P < 0.10) to increase ADG and gain efficiencies during the finishing period (Table 8), indicating that compensation for poorer growth during the growing period might have occurred. Growing treatment did not affect (P > 0.50) DMI during the subsequent finishing period. An AH x WCGF interaction (P < 0.05) occurred for marbling (data not shown) with heifers fed the diet containing 20% AH and 40% WCGF having the highest marbling scores (P < 0.05); this difference in marbling score would equate to quality grades of USDA low Choice vs. USDA high Select for heifers fed the diet containing 20% AH and 40% WCGF compared with heifers fed the remaining diets, respectively.
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Table 7. Finishing performance and carcass characteristics of heifers previously limit-fed growing diets containing 10, 20, or 30% alfalfa hay (AH), Exp. 2.
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Table 8. Finishing performance and carcass characteristics of heifers previously limit-fed growing diets containing 0, 40, or 68% wet corn gluten feed (WCGF), Exp. 2.
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The addition of urea to steam-flaked corn finishing diets containing 33% WCGF tended (P < 0.10) to increase ADG (Table 9) of heifers, suggesting that DIP might have been deficient. When the diet containing no added urea and the diet containing 0.5% added urea were analyzed using the Level 1 model of the NRC (1996), they were found to supply 113 and 130% of the estimated DIP requirement, respectively. However, a DIP deficiency still might be possible. Cooper et al. (2002) concluded that DIP requirements of cattle consuming steam-flaked corn based diets are not well defined, and found them to range from 7.1 to 9.5% of diet DM, with 9.5% considerably higher than the 7.1% value predicted by the Level 1 model of the NRC (1996) in their trial. The use of steam-flaked corn and WCGF might have increased DIP requirements above the 8.4% value predicted by the Level 1 model of the NRC (1996) in our trial as well. Steam-flaking corn has been shown to increase the extent of ruminal starch digestion compared with dry-rolled corn (Zinn et al, 1995; Barajas and Zinn, 1998). An increase in the rate of ruminal starch digestion might increase DIP requirements in order to sustain microbial protein synthesis and starch fermentation (Russel et al. 1992). According to the Level 1 model of the NRC (1996), the addition of WCGF to the diets used in our trial increased effective NDF intake and rumen pH, and presumably, efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, thereby increasing DIP requirements. Addition of urea decreased (P < 0.04) the percentage of carcasses grading USDA Choice. The effect of urea addition on USDA Choice quality grade was unexpected and is difficult to explain; however, a possible mechanism might be related to greater CP intakes of heifers fed the finishing diet containing added urea. Cooper et al. (2002) fed steers high-moisture, corn-based finishing diets ranging from 10.6 to 14.1% CP and reported a linear decrease in marbling score with increasing dietary CP concentration.
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Implications
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The results of these experiments suggest that the value of wet corn gluten feed relative to corn might be increased with increased concentrations of alfalfa hay in limit-fed diets. This is important, considering that cattle that are limit-fed do not have the ability to increase dry matter intake to compensate for lower dietary net energy values. Increasing the amount of wet corn gluten feed in limit-fed diets decreases the rate of dry matter intake, which might help decrease negative effects of meal-eating patterns on ruminal fermentation and possibly decrease the incidence of acute feed-related metabolic disorders. Finishing diets containing steam-flaked corn and 33% wet corn gluten feed as well as 0.5% added urea decreases quality grade, possibly due to excessive crude protein intake.
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Footnotes
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1 Article No. 02-76-J from the Kansas Agric. Exp. Stn. 
3 Current address: Cargill Corn Milling, Lincoln, NE 68506.
Received for publication June 18, 2002.
Accepted for publication February 28, 2003.
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Abstract
Introduction
