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Undegradable intake protein supplementation of compensating spring-born steers and summer-born steers during summer grazing¹

Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583-0908

² Correspondence:
C220g Animal Science Complex (phone: 402-472-6443; fax: 402-472-6362; E-mail:
tklopfenstein1{at}unl.edu).

	Abstract

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Three trials were conducted to determine the effects of previous winter gain (Trials 1 and 3) and age of calf (Trials 1 and 2) on response to undegradable intake protein (UIP) supplementation during summer grazing. In Trial 1, 48 spring-born steers (243 kg) were used in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement. Steers were wintered at four rates of gain: 0.65 (FAST), 0.24 (SLOW), 0.38 (S/F), and 0.38 (F/S) kg/d. The intermediate rates of gain (S/F and F/S) were created by switching steers from slow to fast or fast to slow midway through the wintering period. Following winter treatments, steers were assigned to one of two summer treatments: supplemented (S) or nonsupplemented (NS). In Trial 2, 32 summer-born steers were wintered at an ADG of 0.25 kg/d and allotted to the same summer treatments as Trial 1. The supplement was formulated to supply 200 g/d of UIP. Steers from both trials grazed upland Sandhills range from May to September 1998. In Trial 3, 49 spring-born steers (228 kg) were used in a 2 x 7 factorial arrangement of treatments. Steers were wintered at two rates of gain, 0.71 (FAST) and 0.24 kg/d (SLOW) and then assigned randomly to one of six levels of UIP supplementation or an energy control. Protein supplements were formulated to deliver 75, 112.5, 150, 187.5 225, or 262.5 g/d of UIP. Sources of UIP for all trials were treated soybean meal and feather meal. In Trial 1, there were no (P > 0.05) winter by summer treatment interactions, and UIP supplementation increased (P = 0.0001) pasture gains over NS steers. In Trial 2, supplementation increased (P = 0.001) pasture ADG of summer-born steers by 0.15 kg/d compared with NS steers. In Trial 3, a winter gain by UIP supplementation interaction was observed (P = 0.09). Gain of FAST steers responded quadratically (P = 0.09) across UIP levels, with the maximum gain occurring at the 150 g/d UIP level. The SLOW steers responded linearly (P = 0.02) to increasing UIP levels; however, the response was negative. Levels of UIP above 150 g/d reduced steers gains; therefore, the data were reanalyzed excluding these levels. These new analyses showed that FAST steers responded linearly (P = 0.08; 0.2 kg/d) to increasing UIP, whereas the SLOW steers had no response to UIP. In Trials 1 and 3, SLOW steers experienced compensatory gain and had higher gains overall. We concluded that previous winter gain affected the response to UIP supplementation with the FAST winter gain group having a greater response.

Key Words: Cattle • Compensatory Growth • Grazing • Protein Degradation • Protein Intake

	Introduction

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Wintering cattle in temperate regions often requires the use of harvested feedstuffs. However, growing these cattle on limited feed or low-quality forage during the winter may allow for producers to take advantage of compensatory growth during summer grazing. These systems take advantage of the most cost-efficient gains while the animal is grazing actively growing forage during the summer (Lewis et al., 1990). Enhanced intake has been often cited as a major factor influencing compensatory growth in previously restricted animals. Increases in amount of DMI (kg/d; Fox et al., 1972; Wanyoike and Holmes, 1981) and DMI relative to body weight (Hironaka and Kozub, 1973; Downs, 1997) have been reported in compensating animals. If improved intake is a factor in compensatory gain, then forage quality may affect the ability of an animal to compensate.

Rapid degradability of proteins in actively growing forages and the high requirements for metabolizable protein in young growing cattle may affect an animal’s ability to compensate while grazing these forages. This factor may make undegradable intake protein (UIP) the first-limiting nutrient during compensatory gain and a limiting factor in the gains of younger cattle. This hypothesis is supported by several studies that have reported improvements in gain in cattle that were supplemented with UIP during grazing (Anderson et al., 1988; Karges et al., 1992; Klopfenstein, 1996). We hypothesize that cattle experiencing a higher degree of compensatory gain should have a higher requirement for metabolizable protein and ultimately UIP and should respond to UIP supplementation more than cattle with lower degrees of compensation.

The objectives of this research were to 1) evaluate the effects of UIP supplementation on compensating spring-born steers and summer-born steers, 2) determine the effects of compensatory gain and UIP supplementation on forage intake during summer grazing, and 3) evaluate the potential impact of UIP supplementation on subsequent feedlot performance.

	Materials and Methods

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Trials 1 and 2
In Trial 1, 48 spring-born steers (243 kg) were used in a completely randomized design with a 4 x 2 factorial treatment arrangement. Steers were wintered at four rates of gain: 0.65 (FAST), 0.24 (SLOW), 0.38 [slow/fast (S/F)], and 0.38 kg/d [fast/slow (F/S)]. Intermediate rates of gain were accomplished by switching steers from FAST to SLOW (F/S) or SLOW to FAST (S/F) midway through the wintering period. During the winter phase, steers grazed cornstalk residues from December 4, 1997, to February 16, 1998, and were supplemented during this period. The FAST steers received 2.27 kg•steer^-1•d^-1 (DM basis) of wet corn gluten feed plus 0.045 kg•steer^-1•d^-1 of a vitamin and mineral supplement. The SLOW steers received 0.91 kg•steer^-1•d^-1 of a protein supplement consisting predominantly of sunflower meal. Following the stalk grazing phase (February 20, 1998), FAST and SLOW steers were placed into the feedlot and allowed ad libitum access to ammoniated wheat straw. The FAST steers continued to receive 2.27 kg•steer^-1•d^-1 of wet corn gluten feed and a vitamin and mineral supplement, whereas SLOW steers received 0.09 kg•steer^-1•d^-1 of a vitamin and mineral supplement during this period. During this period, steers that were assigned to the F/S or S/F treatment were sorted to their corresponding treatment. For example, a steer assigned to the F/S treatment group would be placed on the FAST treatment on corn stalks and then reassigned to the SLOW treatment upon entering the feedlot. Steers were maintained in the feedlot until the end of the wintering phase on April 28, 1998.

In Trial 2, 32 summer-born steers (June to July 1997; 204 kg) were weaned on January 14, 1998, and wintered at the Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory (Whitman, NE). Steers were wintered on dormant native range or meadow hay and fed 1.65 kg•steer^-1•d^-1 of a protein and energy supplement consisting of predominantly wheat middlings until May 1, 1998. Steers were fed to gain 0.25 kg/d during the wintering phase.

In both trials, steers were allowed to graze spring forage before grazing summer range. Spring-born steers from Trial 1 grazed fertilized smooth brome grass pasture from April 28 until May 26, 1998. Summer-born steers (Trial 2) grazed subirrigated meadow (predominantly cool season grass) from May 1, 1998, until May 21, 1998. At the end of spring grazing, weights were obtained, and all steers were assigned within winter treatment (Trial 1 only) to summer treatments. The wintered spring-born steers (>14 mo age; 340 kg) and summer-born steers (11 mo age; 235 kg) were assigned to one of two summer treatments: supplemented (S) or nonsupplemented (NS). The supplement supplied 0.2 kg/d of UIP per day attained by individually feeding 1.3 kg of supplement 3 d/wk. Supplement consisted of 78.5% SoyPass (nonenzymatically browned soybean meal), 18.5% feather meal, and 3% molasses (DM basis). Steers grazed upland Sandhills range (259.1 ha; 1.18 AUM (animal unit month)/ha; 45 kg BW = 0.1 AUM) consisting of a mixture of warm and cool season species from May 27 to September 8, 1998. At the conclusion of summer grazing, steers were placed in the feedlot and limit-fed in order to equalize gut fill before final weights were taken on two consecutive days. Animals were assigned to feedlot pen according to trial (1 or 2), previous winter treatment (FAST or SLOW), and summer treatment (S or NS). All steers were adapted to the finishing diet over a 20-d period by gradually replacing alfalfa in the initial diet with corn in four step-up diets. The final diet consisted of 7% alfalfa hay, 40% wet corn gluten feed, 48% high-moisture corn, and 5% supplement (DM basis). Steers from Trial 1 were fed 92 d, and summer-born steers (Trial 2) were fed 141 d, at which time animals were marketed to a commercial abattoir (IBP, West Point, NE). Carcass characteristics measured included hot carcass weight, fat depth, marbling score, and USDA Yield Grade.

Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) for a completely randomized design. Animal was the experimental unit and model effect included winter and summer treatment in Trial 1 and only summer effects in Trial 2. Age and summer effects were tested using a combined data set containing only summer and feedlot gain data from both trials.

Intake Determination.
All spring-born steers (Trial 1) and 12 summer-born steers (Trial 2) were used for determination of grazed forage intake. The intake period consisted of two, four consecutive day collection periods separated by a 2-d noncollection period. The intake period was conducted from July 6, 1998, to July 15, 1998. Each steer used for intake measurement was dosed orally with chromium sesquioxide (CrO₃) boluses in an intraruminal continuous release device (Captec Pty. Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand) 7 d before the initiation of the first 4-d collection period. During the collection period, fecal samples were collected from the rectum daily at 0800.

Total fecal collection was utilized to validate the chromium release rate from the continuous release bolus (Hollingsworth et al., 1995). Six steers were harnessed with fecal bags and received the same bolus as administered to the steers used for the determination of intake. Steers were gathered twice daily, and fecal collection bags were removed and weighed to determine content. Feces from fecal collection bags was subsequently mixed and subsampled for analysis. Rectal grab samples were taken during the morning collection. All fecal samples were oven dried in a 60°C forced air oven, ground through a 1-mm Wiley mill screen, and stored until analysis. Chromium concentrations in the feces were determined using the method described by Williams et al. (1962). Forage intake was then estimated by dividing fecal output by indigestibility of the forage diet.

Forage Analysis.
Forage diet samples were obtained once every 2 wk with three ruminally fistulated steers. All surgical procedures were reviewed and approved by the University of Nebraska Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Steers were gathered and rumen contents were evacuated completely and the rumen sponged to remove any additional contents. Steers were then allowed to graze for approximately 30 min to obtain a diet sample. Diet samples after grazing were collected and frozen until the end of the study. All diet samples for the summer trial were freeze-dried and ground through a 2-mm screen using a Wiley mill for in situ analysis and a 1-mm screen for CP and IVDMD. Dry matter and organic matter content were determined using the standard method as outlined by AOAC (1996). Crude protein content was analyzed using the combustion method (AOAC, 1996) using a nitrogen analyzer (Perkin-Elmer, Norwalk, CT). In vitro dry matter digestibility was determined using a modification of Tilley and Terry (1963). Samples were incubated in a 50:50 mixture of ruminal fluid and McDougall’s (McDougall, 1948) buffer solution (1 g/L urea added) at 39°C for 48 h, followed by a 24-h digestion in pepsin (Sigma P-7000; Sigma, St. Louis, MO). Undegradable intake protein was measured using modified procedures of Mass et al. (1999) in which diet samples were incubated in situ using Dacron bags (Ankom, Inc., Fairport, NY) for 2, 12, and 96 h. Modifications of the original procedure were to include a 10-h lag in passage, during which active digestion is occurring, and estimating rate of passage from IVDMD analysis as outlined by Klopfenstein et al. (2001).

Intake determination and diet samples were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS. Intake data were analyzed using steer as experimental unit with period and summer treatments in the model statement. Diet samples were analyzed as a completely randomized design, using collection date and animal in the model. Treatment means were separated using the LSMEANS statement of SAS for both analyses.

Trial 3
Forty-nine spring-born steers (228 kg) were used in a 2 x 7 factorial treatment design. Steers were allotted randomly to one of two rates of winter gain, FAST (0.71 kg/d; n = 25) and SLOW (0.24 kg/d; n = 24). Steers were treated to gain at their respective rates using the same protocol for FAST and SLOW treatments as in Trial 1. At the end of the wintering phase, steers were then assigned randomly, within winter treatment, to one of six levels of UIP supplementation (n = 3) or an energy control (n = 7). Protein supplements were formulated to deliver 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, and 175% of the supplemental UIP requirement (150 g/d) established by Anderson et al. (1988). The protein supplement was composed of 74% SoyPass (treated soybean meal), 19% feather meal, 3% molasses, and 4% salt. The energy supplement consisted of 56% soyhulls, 9% tallow, 6% Carolac (a rumen-protected fat), 24% molasses, and 5% salt. Tallow and rumen-protected fat were used to minimize the amount of digestible energy available to the microbes in the rumen and increase the amount of energy reaching the small intestine that could be utilized by the animal. This should effectively reduce microbial crude protein production in the rumen and allow for differences in performance to be attributed to differences in UIP levels. Combinations of the protein and energy supplements provided the graded levels of UIP (Table 1), and all supplements were formulated to be isocaloric. Supplements were fed individually 4 d/wk at 0600.

Data were analyzed for linear, quadratic, and cubic responses to UIP supplementation using orthogonal contrasts in GLM in SAS. Winter by summer linear, quadratic, and cubic interactions were tested using GLM procedures of SAS. Model effects included winter treatment and summer UIP level. Coefficients for orthogonal contrast were generated using the ORPOL procedure for unequally spaced data.

Intake Determination.
All steers receiving the energy control supplement (n = 14) and the highest levels of protein supplementation (n = 14) were used in two intake determination periods. Each period consisted of two, five consecutive day collection periods, separated by a 2-d noncollection period. One intake period was completed, while steers grazed brome pastures (May 31 to June 5), whereas the second occurred during the warm-season grazing phase (July 12 to July 23). Each steer used for intake measurement was orally dosed with CrO₃ boluses in an intraruminal continuous release device (Captec Pty. Ltd., Australia) 7 d prior to the initiation of the first 5-d collection period. During the collection periods, fecal samples were collected from the rectum daily at 0600. Validation of bolus release rate, sample analysis, and intake calculations were completed as in Trial 1.

Forage Analysis.
Biweekly diet samples were collected via ruminally fistulated steers. All surgical procedures were reviewed and approved by the University of Nebraska Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. All collections and analyses were completed as described in Trial 1.

	Results and Discussion

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Forage Analysis
In Trials 1 and 2, CP, UIP (% DM), and IVDMD averaged 10.5%, 2.80%, and 63.1%, respectively, for the season. These values are similar to results shown by Lardy et al. (1997) for Sandhills native range. In Trial 3, CP, UIP (% DM), and IVDMD averaged 16.8%, 1.22%, and 70.3%, respectively, for the brome pastures and 15.5%, 1.55%, and 60.6%, respectively, for warm-season pastures.

Performance
Trial 1.
During the wintering phase, FAST steers gained 0.65 kg/d and SLOW steers gained 0.24 kg/d, whereas F/S and S/F steers gains were intermediate at 0.38 kg/d (Table 2). Weights at the end of the wintering phase were different (P = 0.001) due to differences in ADG during that period. There was an effect (P = 0.09) of winter treatment on spring ADG with S/F steers having a higher ADG than the other treatments. However, due to the short duration of this period (28 d), differences in weights at the initiation of the summer grazing period were the same as at the end of the wintering phase.

Results from the feedlot finishing phase are presented in Table 3. Summer treatment did not effect (P = 0.60) DMI in the feedlot, however, average daily gain in the feedlot was higher (P = 0.08) for NS steers. There was also a trend (P = 0.12) for improved feed efficiency for NS steers. Therefore, any increase in gain with summer supplementation was lost during the feedlot phase with spring-born steers. There was an effect of winter treatment (P = 0.006) on final weight since SLOW steers could not completely compensate weight differences created by winter treatments during summer grazing. Carcass data showed no effects (P > 0.25) on fat, marbling, or yield grade across winter or summer treatments.

Trial 2.
Summer-born steers responded to supplementation (0.15 kg/d; P < 0.001); however, the response was less than expected (Table 4). Body weight at the end of the grazing period was greater (P < 0.10) for S steers than the NS group. There were no differences (P = 0.86) in DMI or ADG during the finishing phase. Gain advantages created by summer supplementation were maintained during the finishing period. However, final weights were not different (P > 0.58) between treatments. There were no differences in carcass characteristics between summer treatments.

During the feedlot finishing phase, DMI and ADG were lower (P < 0.001) for summer-born steers; however, feed efficiency was lower (P < 0.001) for spring-born steers. Final weights were lower (P < 0.001) for summer-born steers, but there were no differences in carcass characteristics due to age.

Trial 3.
Results from the wintering period are reported in Table 5. There was an effect (P < 0.0001) of winter treatment on ADG during the wintering phase. The FAST steers gained 0.71 kg/d, while SLOW steers gained 0.24 kg/d, resulting in a body weight difference (P < 0.0001) between treatments at the conclusion of the wintering phase.

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Average daily gain (kg/d) of steers during the summer grazing period across all levels (A) and excluding levels >150 g/d (B; Trial 3). Summer x winter interaction (P < 0.10). Quadratic effect (P = 0.09) of summer treatment for cattle with higher winter gains (0.71 kg/d; FAST) and linear effect (P = 0.02) for cattle with lower winter gains (0.24 kg/d; SLOW) across all levels (A). Linear effect (P = 0.08) of summer treatment for FAST cattle excluding levels >150 g/d (B).

The SLOW steers experienced compensatory growth and had higher gains overall (0.26 kg/d increase for SLOW vs FAST steers that received the energy control). Due to the length and severity of restriction in the SLOW steers during the winter, they were able to compensate only 25% of the difference created by the winter treatments (80 vs 65 kg for initial and final grazing weight differences, respectively). This compensation was similar to that seen in Trial 1. Results from Trials 1 and 3 show a limit to the amount of compensation that can be expected after a prolonged restriction during the wintering period.

A summer by winter treatment interaction for feedlot performance occurred (P = 0.09) in Trial 3; therefore, data were analyzed within each winter treatment. Data were analyzed excluding the same treatment groups as described in the grazing phase (UIP levels >150 g/d). Analysis of UIP levels 150 g/d and lower showed that there was no effect of summer supplementation level on feedlot performance in the SLOW steers. A linear effect (P = 0.09) of previous summer supplementation on feedlot ADG occurred in FAST steers; however, the slope was negative (Figure 2). Steers that responded to UIP supplementation during the summer had lower ADG than steers that received the energy control and lower levels of UIP during the grazing period. This decrease in gains allowed for steers to compensate for weight differences created by summer treatments. This response agrees with the results from Trial 1, in which steers that received a UIP supplement during the summer grazing period had lower ADG during the finishing phase compared to NS steers. In Trials 1 and 3, supplementation of compensating steers was not beneficial because all weight advantages created by summer supplementation were negated during the finishing phase.

View larger version (11K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Average daily gain (kg/d) of steers during the finishing phase excluding levels > 150 g/d (Trial 3). Summer x winter interaction (P< 0.10). Linear effect of summer treatment for FAST cattle (P = 0.09). FAST steers fed to gain 0.71 kg/d and SLOW steers fed to gain 0.24 kg/d.

Intake Determination
Trials 1 and 2.
Results from intake determination are summarized in Table 6. In Trial 1, there was no winter by summer treatment interaction (P = 0.38) for grazed forage intake, expressed as either kilograms or as a percentage of body weight. There was an effect (P = 0.04) of summer supplement treatment on grazed forage intake with S steers consuming less forage DM, when expressed as a percent of BW, than NS steers. There was no effect of winter treatment on kilograms of grazed forage intake (P = 0.40) or on intake when expressed as a percentage of body weight (P = 0.25). In Trial 2, there was no effect (P = 0.91) of summer treatment on kilograms of grazed forage intake. Unsupplemented steers tended (P = 0.12) to eat more forage when expressed as a percentage of body weight.

	Implications

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Implications Literature Cited

 
Previous winter gain and subsequent compensatory growth affected the response to undegradable intake protein during summer grazing; however, the response was opposite of expected. Steers wintered at slower rates of gain and experiencing compensation during the summer showed less response to undegradable intake protein supplementation than steers wintered at faster gains. Summer-born steers showed similar gain responses to slow winter gain steers, resulting in no additional gain response at younger ages. Forage dry matter intakes (expressed as a percentage of body weight) were higher for steers wintered at slow gains compared to steers wintered at higher gains. Weight advantages gained by supplementing spring-born steers during the summer were compensated for during the finishing phase; therefore, supplementation during summer grazing does not appear to be economical for spring-born steers. This does not seem to be the case with summer-born steers, as additional gain with supplementation was maintained throughout the finishing phase.

	Footnotes

 
¹ Published with the approval of the director as paper no. 13585 journal ser., Nebraska Agric. Res. Div.

Received for publication April 30, 2002. Accepted for publication October 3, 2002.

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Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Implications Literature Cited

 


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