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Wet corn gluten feed and alfalfa hay combinations in steam-flaked corn finishing cattle diets¹

J. J. Sindt^*, J. S. Drouillard^*,2, E. C. Titgemeyer^*, S. P. Montgomery^*, C. M. Coetzer^*, T. B. Farran^*, J. N. Pike^*, J. J. Higgins and R. T. Ethington

^* Departments of Animal Sciences and Industry and and Statistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-1600 and and Minnesota Corn Processors, Marshall, MN 56258

	Abstract

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One finishing trial and one digestibility trial were used to evaluate wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) and alfalfa hay (AH) combinations in steam-flaked corn (SFC) finishing diets. In Exp. 1, 631 crossbred heifers (initial BW = 284 ± 7.9 kg) were fed SFC-based diets containing combinations of WCGF (25, 35, or 45% of diet DM) and AH (2 or 6% of dietary DM) in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. No interactions existed between WCGF and AH for heifer performance. Increasing dietary WCGF linearly decreased gain efficiency (P < 0.01), dietary NE_g concentration (P < 0.05), and 12th-rib fat thickness (P = 0.10). Cattle fed 35% WCGF had the lowest occurrence of abscessed livers, resulting in a quadratic response (P < 0.05) as dietary WCGF increased. In Exp. 2, 12 ruminally cannulated Jersey steers (585 kg) were fed SFC-based diets containing combinations of WCGF (25 or 45% of diet DM) and AH (0, 2, or 6% of diet DM) in an incomplete Latin square design with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Starch intake was lower (P < 0.05), but NDF intake was greater (P < 0.05) as AH and WCGF increased in the diet. Ruminal pH was increased by AH (linear, P < 0.05) and tended (P < 0.07) to increase with WCGF. Feeding 2% AH led to the greatest ruminal NH₃ but the lowest total VFA and propionate (quadratic, P < 0.05). Addition of AH to diets containing 25% WCGF increased acetate to a greater extent than addition to diets containing 45% WCGF (AH x WCGF interaction, P < 0.05). Feeding 45% WCGF tended to increase passage rate (P = 0.17) and decrease (P < 0.05) total tract OM digestibility but increase (P < 0.05) in situ degradation of DM from AH and WCGF. Interactions between AH and WCGF existed (P < 0.05) for ruminal fluid volume (quadratic effect of AH x WCGF level), in situ SFC degradation (linear effect of AH x WCGF level), and in situ rate of WCGF DM disappearance (quadratic effect of AH x WCGF level). We conclude that AH levels may be decreased when WCGF is added to SFC diets as 25% or more of the dietary DM.

Key Words: Cattle • Finishing • Flaking • Maize • Maize Gluten

	Introduction

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Corn wet milling has contributed a large supply of byproducts that are valuable animal feeds. One of the main products that has gained wide acceptance is wet corn gluten feed (WCGF). Researchers have demonstrated that WCGF has 90 to 100% of the energy value of dry-rolled and high-moisture corn when used to replace a portion of the concentrate in finishing cattle diets (Green et al., 1987; Ham et al., 1995; Hussein and Berger, 1995). Additionally, in finishing diets based on steam-flaked corn, we found that feeding 30% WCGF (DM basis) improved cattle performance compared with cattle fed 0 or 60% WCGF (Sindt et al., 2002).

Roughage in modern finishing diets is typically provided in small amounts (<10% of DM). Roughages are expensive due to their predisposition to shrink and high cost per unit of energy (Stock, 2000). Due to its inherent fiber characteristics, we hypothesized that WCGF may be able to substitute for a portion of the roughage in finishing diets. Our objective was to further define the appropriate amount of WCGF to include in SFC-based diets and to determine the interactions of WCGF and alfalfa hay (AH) on digestibility and ruminal characteristics.

	Experimental Procedures

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Experiment 1
Procedures for both studies were approved by the Kansas State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. In the summer of 2001, six hundred thirty-one medium-framed, English x Continental x Brahman heifers (initial BW 284 ± 7.9 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design experiment (two blocks) at the Kansas State University Beef Cattle Research Center, Manhattan, KS, to evaluate effects of feeding combinations of WCGF and AH in SFC-based finishing diets. Heifers were blocked by arrival date (May 25, 2000, and June 6, 2000), randomly allocated to six pens within each block, and stratified by pen weight to one of six treatments (two pens per diet, 48 to 58 heifers per pen). Finishing diets contained 2 or 6% AH and 25, 35, or 45% WCGF (DM basis) in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments (Table 1). On d 1 heifers were implanted with 10 mg of estradiol benzoate and 100 mg of progesterone (Synovex C, Fort Dodge Animal Health, Overland Park, KS), vaccinated against common viral and bacterial diseases (Bovishield-4 and Fortress 7, Pfizer Animal Health, New York, NY), treated for internal and external parasites (Cydectin, Fort Dodge Animal Health), and eartagged. Heifers were offered ad libitum access to diets fed once daily and were adapted to the final finishing diets within 21 d by feeding a series of five step-up diets. Final finishing diets provided 300 mg monensin, 90 mg tylosin (Elanco Animal Health, Indianapolis, IN), and 0.5 mg melengestrol acetate (Pharmacia Animal Health, Kalamazoo, MI) per heifer daily. On d 56 heifers were reimplanted with 28 mg of estradiol benzoate and 200 mg of trenbolone acetate (Synovex Plus, Fort Dodge Animal Health). Heifers were fed for an average of 153 d.

Experiment 2
Twelve ruminally cannulated, mature Jersey steers (initial BW 585 kg) were used to determine digestibility and ruminal characteristics when fed diets containing 0, 2, or 6% AH and 25 or 45% WCGF. Treatments (Table 2) were arranged as a 2 x 3 factorial in an incomplete, replicated, 6 x 6 Latin square design using three 14-d periods. Each period consisted of a 10-d adaptation and a 4-d sampling period. Respective diets were mixed daily at 0700 after feed calls were made. Steers were housed in partially covered, individual, slatted floor pens and were offered ad libitum access to diets fed once daily at 0800. Chromic oxide (15 g) was hand mixed daily into individual diets on d 4 through d 13 as a marker for diet digestibility. On d 11, a 200-mL solution containing 3 g of Co-EDTA was pulse dosed through the ruminal cannula at 0800 to estimate liquid passage and ruminal volume. Diet refusals were weighed and recorded daily at 0800. On d 11 through 14, a constant percentage of daily orts were subsampled and composited by period. Samples of the six diets were obtained after mixing on d 10 through 13 and composited by period on an equal weight basis.

Diet, orts, and fecal samples were dried for 4 d at 55°C, air equilibrated, and then ground in a hammer mill to pass through a 1-mm screen. Samples were analyzed for DM (16 h at 105°C) and ashed at 450°C for 8 h to determine OM. Starch in diets, orts, and feces was measured as described by Herrera-Saldana and Huber (1989) using a Technicon Autoanalyzer III to measure free glucose (Gochman and Schmitz, 1972). Neutral detergent fiber was measured using procedure A described by Van Soest et al. (1991) with sulfite omitted but with heat stable -amylase for feed and orts. Chromium concentrations in orts and feces were determined using atomic absorption with an air acetylene flame (Williams et al., 1962). Ruminal fluid collected for Co analysis was thawed and centrifuged at 30,000 x g for 20 min, and the supernatant was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Samples of acidified ruminal fluid were thawed, centrifuged at 30,000 x g for 20 min, and analyzed for VFA by gas chromatography, for NH₃ using a Technicon Autoanalyzer III (Bran and Luebbe, Elmsford, NY), and for lactate as described by Barker and Summerson (1941).

In Situ Incubation.
To determine rate and extent of ruminal digestion, samples of WCGF and SFC and ground AH (to pass through a 2-mm screen) were incubated in situ in all steers beginning at 0800 on d 12. Five 5-g samples of each ingredient were placed in dacron bags (Ankom, Fairport, NY; 10 x 20 cm, 50-µm pores) and sealed with a heat sealer. The bags were placed into weighted, 36 x 42 cm netted, polyester bags and presoaked in 39°C tap water for 20 min before ruminal incubation. Individual dacron bags containing each ingredient were removed at 0, 3, 6, 12, and 48 h. Upon removal from the rumen, bags were hand rinsed repeatedly until the rinse water was clear. After rinsing, bags were dried for 24 h in a forced-air oven set at 105°C and then weighed to determine residual DM.

Calculations and Statistical Analysis
Experiment 1.
Dietary NE_g values were calculated according to procedures outlined by Löest et al. (2001) for large-framed heifers. Heifer performance and carcass characteristics were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit, using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC). Model effects included block (arrival date), AH, WCGF, and AH x WCGF. Linear and quadratic effects of dietary WCGF were tested using orthogonal contrasts.

Experiment 2.
Intake and digestion data were analyzed as an incomplete, replicated, Latin square using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the model containing effects of WCGF, AH, and WCGF x AH. Random effects included steer and period. Contrasts used to separate means included linear and quadratic effects of dietary AH concentration for unequally spaced levels. To determine liquid passage rates and ruminal fluid volume, concentrations of Co at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, and 24 h were transformed to natural logarithms and regressed on time for individual steers using the REG procedure of SAS. Ruminal fluid volume was determined by dividing the initial dose by the concentration at 0 h (antilog of the intercept). The slopes (estimates of passage rates) and ruminal volumes were analyzed with the MIXED procedure of SAS as previously described. In situ DM disappearance was characterized as A, B, and C fractions, where A represents the soluble, rapidly degradable fraction (determined by 0 h bags after rinsing extensively in 39°C water); fraction B represents the potentially degradable DM; and fraction C is the undegradable DM (determined by 48-h bags; Vanzant et al., 1996). The B fraction was calculated as 1 - A - C. The percentages of B fractions remaining were transformed to natural logarithms and regressed on time to determine rate of disappearance using the REG procedure of SAS. Differences in B, C, and k due to dietary influences were determined by the MIXED procedure of SAS as described above. Volatile fatty acids, NH₃, lactate, and pH data were analyzed as repeated measures using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The model effects included AH, WCGF, sampling hour, AH x sampling hour, WCGF x sampling hour, and AH x WCGF x sampling hour. The variables included in the random statement were steer, period, and steer x period x AH x WCGF. Contrasts used to separate means included linear and quadratic effects of dietary AH concentration for unequally spaced treatments.

	Results and Discussion

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Experiment 1
Dry matter intake tended (P = 0.15) to increase as WCGF increased in the diet (Table 3). However, ADG was similar for heifers fed all combinations of WCGF and AH. Feeding increasing amounts of WCGF resulted in a linear decrease (P < 0.01) in efficiency of gain. Heifers fed 45% WCGF were 7.1% less efficient than heifers fed 25% WCGF. Similarly, dietary NE_g values decreased (P < 0.05) linearly as WCGF increased. Firkins et al. (1985), Ham et al. (1995), and Hussein and Berger (1995) observed increases in DMI as WCGF was added to corn-based finishing diets. These authors also observed that intermediate additions of WCGF to finishing diets produced the greatest ADG. Improvements in performance when grain is replaced with a source of fermentable fiber are often attributed to a decrease in subacute acidosis (Firkins et al., 1985; Larson et al., 1993; Ham et al., 1995). If feeding WCGF in our experiment decreased acidosis, then improvements in performance due to decreasing acidosis were not achieved by feeding more than 25% WCGF. Similarly, Krehbiel et al. (1995) reported that feeding 86.5% and 94.5% WCGF resulted in lower DMI and ADG compared with 0% and 35% WCGF in ground corn-based diets. Likely, in our study, feeding additional WCGF decreased energy density of the diet, and cattle could not compensate for any additional benefits provided by lowering the starch to fiber ratio. Positive associative benefits are achieved when WCGF is fed at moderate levels in highly processed grain diets (Ham et al., 1995; Sindt et al., 2002). Firkins et al. (1985) and Ham et al. (1995) both reported that all additions of WCGF to dry-rolled corn diets resulted in improved or equivalent cattle performance. The intermediate additions of WCGF in highly processed grain diets may be more useful in alleviating acidosis, yet, after acidosis is lessened, further substitutions of grain with WCGF may be counterproductive. Lower costs of WCGF compared with corn grain may provide incentive to increase substitution rates of WCGF, in spite of reduced efficiencies or gain.

Experiment 2
Intake of DM and OM was similar for all diets; however, increasing WCGF caused a decrease (P < 0.01) in starch and an increase (P < 0.01) in NDF intake (Table 5). Likewise, increasing AH increased (linear, P < 0.05) NDF intake. The digestibility of starch and NDF was similar among diets but feeding 45% WCGF decreased (P < 0.01) OM digestibility, which was likely due to greater NDF and lower starch content of these diets (Table 5). Similarly, McCoy et al. (1997) reported that apparent total tract digestibility of DM was lower when increasing amounts of WCGF were included into finishing diets. Additional WCGF tended (P = 0.13) to lower the concentration of ruminal VFA and increase pH (P = 0.08; Table 6). These findings are consistent with Krehbiel et al. (1995) and Sindt et al. (2002) with both studies finding that WCGF is useful in lowering the acid concentration in the rumen. Increasing dietary AH yielded quadratic responses (P < 0.05) in NH₃, total VFA, propionate, and valerate concentrations (Table 6). Steers fed 2% AH had the highest concentration of ruminal NH₃ and valerate but had the lowest concentration of total VFA and propionate. The greater concentrations of NH₃ combined with the lower concentrations of VFA and propionate suggests that synchrony of N and energy was not optimized when 2% AH was included in diets. However, these quadratic effects may be attributed to lower intakes for steers fed diets containing 25% WCGF and 2% AH. Likewise, when 25% WCGF was fed, 2% AH resulted in the lowest concentration of acetate, although steers fed 45% WCGF had similar concentrations of acetate regardless of AH level. Increasing AH in diets containing 25% WCGF increased acetate concentration to a greater extent than additions of AH to diets containing 45% WCGF. This resulted in an AH x WCGF interaction (P < 0.05) for acetate:propionate. A WCGF x sampling hour interaction also occurred for acetate:propionate (Figure 1). Acetate:propionate dropped more rapidly for steers fed 45% WCGF compared with steers fed 25% WCGF but increased more quickly after 12 h. Perhaps the steep liquor fraction that is known to contain lactic acid is rapidly converted to propionate by lactate utilizing bacteria. Additionally, AH x WCGF interactions (P < 0.05) were observed for isobutyrate and isovalerate. Subsequent to the shift in acid concentrations, additional AH increased (linear, P < 0.05) ruminal pH. No dietary treatment x sampling time interactions occurred for pH (Figure 2). Stock et al. (1990) suggested that addition of roughage to a rapidly digesting grain source may help to reduce acidosis by diluting the amount of grain fed, stimulating salivary flow, and increasing the rate of grain passage. Because pH and VFA concentrations were not appreciably affected by level of WCGF, either adequate roughage was supplied exclusively by 25% WCGF, or WCGF had limited value as a roughage source. Most of the diets led to a ruminal pH 5.6 for an extended period of time (Figure 2). Owens et al. (1998) reported that a ruminal pH of 5.6 is often used as a benchmark for chronic acidosis. Krehbiel et al. (1995) used a pH of 6.0 for a standard in their acidosis challenge study because this pH represents the point at which fermentation may be altered. Although pH regressed to potentially detrimental levels, 25% WCGF probably served as adequate roughage for these steers due to the absence of deleterious side effects associated with acidosis.

View larger version (10K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Acetate:propionate obtained from steers fed steam-flaked corn diets containing 25% wet corn gluten feed (WCGF; •) or 45% WCGF (; percentage of DM; Exp. 2). Each data point represents the mean of 18 observations. WCGF level x hour, P < 0.05, SEM = 0.16.

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Ruminal pH measurements obtained from steers fed steam-flaked corn diets containing 25% wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) and 0% alfalfa hay (AH) (), 25% WCGF and 2% AH (), 25% WCGF and 6% AH (), 45% WCGF and 0% AH (•), 45% WCGF and 2% AH (), and 45% WCGF and 6% AH (; % of DM; Exp. 2). Each data point represents the mean of six observations.

The in situ DM disappearances of the main dietary ingredients are shown in Table 7. The potentially degradable fractions of AH and WCGF were highest (P < 0.01) when steers were fed 45% WCGF. Adding AH to diets containing 25% WCGF increased the potentially degradable fraction of SFC; however, when 45% WCGF was fed, additional AH did not affect the degradable fraction of SFC (AH x WCGF interaction, P < 0.05). Hannah et al. (1990) reported an increase in the digestibility of OM in alfalfa haylage-based diets when WCGF was added to the diet. Feeding more fiber likely created an environment more suitable for fiber digesting bacteria, thus increasing the digestibility of NDF from WCGF and AH. The rate of disappearance of AH ranged from 1.8 to 3.6% per hour, whereas the rate of disappearance of SFC ranged from 5.1 to 5.9% per hour. The rate of WCGF disappearance was quite variable, ranging from 3.0 to 8.5% per hour. There was a quadratic AH x WCGF interaction (P < 0.05) for the rate of WCGF DM disappearance. Feeding 25% WCGF and 2% AH increased the rate of DM disappearance, but feeding 45% WCGF and 2% AH reduced the rate of DM disappearance. The rate of WCGF disappearance in the rumen is known to be rapid (Firkins et al., 1985; Krehbiel et al., 1995; McCoy et al., 1997) largely due to the soluble steep liquor fraction of WCGF. Data generated from this experiment support this observation, as approximately 31% of the WCGF DM disappeared following rinsing in 39°C water.

	Implications

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Wet corn gluten feed (25 to 35% of dietary dry matter) can be used effectively as a source of energy in finishing diets based on steam-flaked corn. Greater amounts of wet corn gluten feed in steam-flaked corn diets may be cost effective but may restrict performance by decreasing dietary energy. Feeding wet corn gluten feed likely decreases the potential for feedlot acidosis and may complement highly processed grain diets. Due to its fibrous characteristics, wet corn gluten feed may be used to partially fulfill the roughage requirement in finishing diets.

	Footnotes

 
¹ Article No. 02-270-J from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station.

² Correspondence: Call Hall, Room 133 (phone: 785-532-1204; fax: 785-532-5681; E-mail: jdrouill{at}oznet.ksu.edu).

Received for publication January 24, 2003. Accepted for publication May 28, 2003.

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