J. Anim. Sci. 2002. 80:2126-2133
© 2002 American Society of Animal Science
Influence of Brahman-derivative breeds and Angus on carcass traits, physical composition, and palatability1
T. D. Bidner*,2,
W. E. Wyatt
,
P. E. Humes*,
D. E. Franke* and
D. C. Blouin
* Animal Science Department,
and
Iberia Research Station, and
and
Experimental Statistics Department, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803
2 Correspondence:
(phone: 225-578-3437; fax: 225-578-3279; E-mail:
tbidner{at}agctr.lsu.edu.).
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Abstract
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Steers were generated from Angus (A), Beefmaster (BM), Brangus (BA), Gelbray (GB), and Simbrah (SB) sires mated to cows of their breed and to Brahman x Hereford F1 cows (except A) to characterize their carcass traits, composition, and palatability. The 290 steers (48 A, 48 BM, 36 BA, 31 GB, and 46 SB) were slaughtered at an equal fatness end point as determined by real-time ultrasound and visual evaluation. Angus steers had lighter (P < 0.01), more youthful (P < 0.01) carcasses with a higher (P < 0.05) quality grade, more (P < 0.01) fat thickness, and a larger (P < 0.01) longissimus area/100 kg than BM-, BA-, GB-, and SB-sired steers. Angus steers also had a lower (P < 0.01) specific gravity, a higher (P < 0.01) percentage fat and less (P < 0.05) lean in the 9th to 11th rib, and steaks aged for 10 d were more tender (P < 0.01) than steaks from Brahman-derivative sired steers. The BM- and BA-sired steers had lighter (P < 0.01), more youthful (P < 0.05) carcasses, and smaller (P < 0.01) longissimus area than GB- and SB-sired steers. The 9th to 11th rib section from the BM- and BA-sired steers had less lean and more bone (P < 0.01) than GB- and SB-sired steers. The BA-sired steers had more (P < 0.01) marbling and a higher (P < 0.05) quality grade than BM-sired steers. The SB-sired steers had heavier (P < 0.01) carcasses than the GB-sired steers. There were no differences in shear force for steaks aged for 3 d for any of the breed types, but with 10 d of aging, steaks from Angus steers were more tender, possibly indicating that steaks of Brahman-derivative breeds aged at a slower rate than those from Angus.
Key Words: Aberdeen-Angus • Aging • Beef • Crossbreeding • Tenderness • Zebu
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Introduction
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Several cattle breeds with a proportion of Brahman breeding (usually 3/8) have been developed in the United States, and some of these breeds are very popular, especially in the South. However, there is limited scientific literature available on the carcass and palatability traits of the Brahman-derivative breeds. This limited information is evident from the review articles by Marshall (1994) and Franke (1997). The most numerous reports have been on Brangus (Damon et al., 1960; Cundiff et al., 1993; DeRouen et al., 2000). There are also articles available on the carcass and (or) palatability traits of Beefmaster (Crockett et al., 1979), Braford (O’Conner et al.,1997), Gelbray (DeRouen et al., 2000), Santa Gertrudis (Cundiff et al., 1993), and Simbrah (O’Conner et al.,1997). Criticism of purebred or high percentage Brahman cattle relative to reduced tenderness is well documented (Luckett et al., 1975; Peacock et al., 1982; Crouse et al., 1989). However, a study by Johnson et al. (1990b) indicated that steaks from steers with 25% or lower percentage Brahman breeding were more tender than steaks from steers with 50% or higher percentage Brahman. A more recent study (O’Conner et al.,1997) indicated that steaks from Braford, Red Brangus, and Simbrah cattle had similar tenderness values if aged for 21 d. A limited number of studies (Crockett et al., 1979; O’Conner et al.,1997; DeRouen et al., 2000) have compared the carcass and palatability traits of two or more Brahman-derivative breeds. Considering these facts, a 5-yr project was initiated to evaluate the carcass traits, 9th to 11th rib composition, and palatability of Angus- (A), Beefmaster- (BM), Brangus- (BA), Gelbray- (GB), and Simbrah-sired (SB) steers finished to a similar fat end point.
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Materials and Methods
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This experiment was approved by the University Animal Care and Use Committee. Groups of Beefmaster, Brangus, Gelbray, and Simbrah females were assembled at the Idlewild Research Station prior to the breeding season in 1987. Females in these breeds consisted of yearling heifers and young cows mostly donated by breeders from LA, MS, and TX. Brahman x Hereford F1 females were purchased from a large F1 producer in MS. Cows involved in this study produced 5 calf crops, starting in 1988. Some of the composite heifers born in the early years of the study were developed for replacements and also produced calves in the last 2 yr of the study.
Beefmaster, Brangus, Gelbray, and Simbrah sires were mated to cows of their own breed, and to Brahman x Hereford F1 cows, but not to other Brahman composite cow breeds. For example, Brangus bulls were mated to Brangus and to Brahman x Hereford F1 cows, but not to Beefmaster, Gelbray, or Simbrah cows. Brahman x Hereford F1 cows were reassigned randomly each year to the composite sire breeds so that they would have a chance to produce calves from several sire breeds. Angus sires were mated to Angus dams only.
Artificial insemination was used in the first 60 d of the breeding season, followed with natural matings. The total number of sires used in the study was 48 (12 A, 9 BM, 12 BA, 9 GB, and 6 SB). Carcass data were obtained on 209 steers over the 5-yr period. Beefmaster- and Brangus-sired steers and Gelbray- and Simbrah-sired steers will be referred to as British-Brahman composite breed type and Continental-Brahman composite breed type, respectively.
After weaning, 12, 10, 10, 9, and 7 Angus steers were randomly chosen from the 1988–1992 Iberia Research Station calf crops to be included in the annual feedlot trial. Steers born in 1988 were stockered at the Iberia Research Station. After weaning, Angus steer calves from the 1989–1992 calf crops were transported 145 km to the St. Gabriel Research Station and were combined with steer calves from the remaining breed groups for a common stocker phase. There were 36 Brangus-, 48 Beefmaster-, 31 Gelbray-, and 46 Simbrah-sired steers available for the project. The steers were distributed over the five calf crops (1988–1992) as follows: BA x BA 5, 8, 6, 3, and 3; BA x HB 5, 2, 1, 2, and 1; BM x BM 7, 5, 11, 5, and 6; BM x HB 4, 3, 2, 2, and 3; GB x GB 0, 2, 7, 2, and 8; GB x HB 2, 2, 5, 1, and 2; SB x SB 8, 6, 8, 6, and 3; SB x HB 4, 3, 4, 1, and 3.
After the stocker phase, the steers were transported to the Iberia Research Station to be placed on a high concentrate diet composed primary of shelled corn and cottonseed meal and hulls. Each year steers were allotted to pens (6 to 8 steers/pen) approximately 1 wk after arrival at the feedlot facilities, at which time the feedlot trial was initiated.
Steers were weighed and evaluated for fat cover every 28 d. After a minimum of 84 d on feed, steers with an estimated 10 mm fat thickness by real-time ultrasound and visual evaluation by a trained evaluator were weighed and transported to Baton Rouge. Steers failing to attain 10 mm fat cover during the trial period were slaughtered at the termination of the trial (November of 1989 and February of 1991 and February of 1992 and February of 1993, and 1994). Steers were weighed and slaughtered at the LSU Agricultural Center Meats Laboratory.
The carcasses were ribbed, and standard carcass data were collected by trained university personnel after a 2-d chilling period. Factors used to determine USDA yield grade (hot carcass weight, adjusted fat thickness, longissimus area, and estimated kidney, pelvic, and heart fat percentage) and quality grade (skeletal maturity, lean color, and marbling score) were recorded (USDA, 1989). Upon completion of the grading procedure, the 9th through the 12th rib section was removed from the right side of each carcass by the procedure of Hankins and Howe (1946). Next, the 12th rib was removed from the 9th to 11th rib section and a 2.54-cm boneless steak was cut, vacuum packaged, and frozen at -20°C (3 d postmortem). The 9th to 11th rib section was weighed in both air and water for determination of specific gravity (Gil et al., 1970). The 9th to 11th rib was separated into lean, fat, and bone and weighed (Hankins and Howe, 1946). The longissimus thoracic muscle was weighed by itself and also included with the lean weight. The boneless LM from the 9th to 11th rib was vacuum packaged and aged at 2°C for 10 d postmortem. This portion was frozen and 2.54-cm frozen steaks were removed from the anterior end for sensory panel and Instron (Canton, MA) analyzes with a Warner-Bratzler shear head.
Sensory panel evaluation was conducted by 8 to 12 trained panel members (Cross et al., 1978). Steaks were cooked to an internal temperature of 70°C for sensory panel analyses and Instron shear (Boleman et al., 1995). The procedure for determination of Instron shear values was the same as the procedure described by Koh et al. (1987). The Instron Model 4501 Universal Testing Instrument was equipped with a Warner-Bratzler shear device and a crosshead speed of 100 mm/min. Steaks were evaluated by panelist based upon an 8-point scale (AMSA, 1978) ranging from 1 (extremely dry, extremely tough) to 8 (extremely juicy, extremely tender) for juiciness and tenderness.
Carcass traits, composition data, and sensory and shear force data were analyzed as a randomized block design using PROC MIXED (Littell et al., 1996) of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). The linear model included year of birth and steer sire within sire breed as random effects and sire breed and dam breed within sire breed as fixed effects. Least squares means were computed for the fixed effects, and orthogonal contrasts were constructed for the following sire breed comparisons: Angus vs Brahman-derivative breeds; British-Brahman composite vs Continental-Brahman composite breeds; Beefmaster vs Brangus; and Gelbray vs Simbrah. Additionally, orthogonal contrasts were also constructed to test dam breed comparisons within each of the Brahman-derivative sire breeds: Beefmaster vs Brahman-Hereford F1; Brangus vs Brahman-Hereford F1; Gelbray vs Brahman-Hereford F1; and Simbrah vs Brahman-Hereford F1. Corresponding least squares mean differences were estimated.
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Results and Discussion
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Carcass Data
Steers in this study were slaughtered at a similar composition end point (10 mm of fat thickness). Even though steers were removed from the feedlot when they reached 10 mm fat, the Angus steers were fatter (P < 0.01) than the four Brahman-derivative breeds (Table 1
). Angus steers fattened earlier than the composites and were removed from test before the end of the feeding period each year, except for one Angus steer in 1989. Several steers within the four Brahman-derivative breeds never reached 10 mm fat and were slaughtered in the final group each year. Elzo et al. (1998) concluded that this method of removing cattle from the feedlot reduced variability of the fat-related traits and retained variability for the nonfat-related traits.
Carcasses from Angus steers had smaller (P < 0.01) actual LM areas, but larger (P < 0.01) LM area/100 kg than the Brahman-derivative breeds (Table 1
). However, British-Brahman composite breeds had smaller (P < 0.01) LM area than Continental-Brahman composite breeds (actual area). Peacock et al. (1979) reported that Angus had a positive effect on LM area/100 kg of carcass and Brahman had a negative effect on LM area. Our results are in agreement with these findings; yet, Damon et al. (1960) found that calves sired by Angus and Brangus had similar adjusted LM areas.
From the review article by Marshall (1994), British breeds of Angus, Hereford, and Shorthorn (base breeds for Brangus and Beefmaster) had LM area of 26 cm2/100 kg of carcass weight, whereas the Continental breeds of Gelbvieh and Simmental (base breeds for Gelbray and Simbrah, respectively) had LM area of 27.5 cm2/100 kg carcass weight. These values are in partial agreement with the findings of this experiment where Continental-Brahman composite breeds had larger actual LM areas but, when expressed as cm2/100 kg of carcass weight, the LM area was similar to the British-Brahman composite breeds. The Gelbray-sired steers had larger (P < 0.01) LM areas, when expressed on a carcass weight basis, than the Simbrah-sired steers. The actual LM areas were similar between the breeds but the Simbrah-sired steers had heavier (P < 0.01) carcass weights than the Gelbray-sired steers.
The breed type of the dam affected the LM area of Gelbray-sired steers (Table 2). When Gelbray sires were mated to Gelbray dams, carcasses from their steers had larger (P < 0.01) LM areas compared with steers from Hereford x Brahman dams. An effect of dam breed type was also found within the Simbrah breed. Progeny of Simbrah sires mated to Simbrah dams produced carcasses with less (P < 0.05) fat thickness, lower (P < 0.05) yield grade, and larger (P < 0.05) LM areas compared with steers from Hereford x Brahman dams.
Carcass Weights and Quality Data
Angus steers had lighter (P < 0.01) carcass weights compared with steers sired by the four Brahman-derivative breeds (Table 3). Because the steers were slaughtered at the same targeted fatness end point, this would indicate that the Angus steers were earlier maturing, having reached 10-mm fat thickness at lighter weights and with fewer days in the feedlot (Table 1). Crockett et al. (1979) reported that Beefmaster-sired steers had lighter final weights in the feedlot than Brangus-sired steers, and steers produced from Angus cows had lighter final feedlot weights than steers from Brangus cows, when length of time on feed was the same. When steers were finished to comparable fat thickness end points, Angus steers produced lighter carcasses than 1/2 Angus 1/2 Brahman steers (Huffman et al., 1990). Peacock et al. (1979) also indicated that carcasses from Angus were lighter than carcasses from Brahman x Angus crosses. Because Brahman were heavier at maturity than Angus, the authors indicated this was positively related to breed size. These results were confirmed when Gray Brahman-sired calves produced heavier carcasses than Angus-sired calves (Paschal et al., 1995). In the present study, carcasses from British-Brahman composite steers were lighter than carcasses of Continental-Brahman composite steers and were on feed for fewer days. Moreover, the Gelbray-sired steers produced lighter (P < 0.01) carcasses than their Simbrah-sired contemporaries. Thus, Simbrah-sired steers were the latest maturing as indicated by producing heavier carcasses.
Angus steers had a lower (P < 0.01) dressing percentage compared with the four Brahman-derivative breeds (Table 3). Higher dressing percentages for Brahman or Brahman crosses than for British breeds or crosses have been reported by Damon et al. (1960), Koch et al. (1982), and Sherbeck et al. (1995). However, other studies have reported that dressing percentages of Brahman and Brahman cross cattle were similar to B. taurus cattle (Huffman et al., 1990; Boyles and Riley, 1991). The advantage in dressing percentage of Brahman or Brahman crosses has been attributed to lower weights of gastrointestinal tract and contents (Butler et al., 1956; Carpenter et al., 1961; Ramsey et al., 1965). Conversely, Brahman and Brahman cross cattle generally have a greater percentage of hide than B. taurus cattle (Carpenter et al., 1961; Terry et al., 1990).
Consistent with the lighter carcass weights and fewer days on feed, Angus steers had a more youthful (P < 0.01) skeletal maturity score, lean color score, and overall carcass maturity score than the four Brahman-derivative breeds. Sherbeck et al. (1995) reported that carcasses from Brahman-Hereford cross cattle had higher maturity scores than carcasses from Hereford cattle. However, Paschal et al. (1995) reported that the skeletal maturity scores of carcasses from Angus- and Gray Brahman-sired cattle were similar, but carcasses from Gir-sired cattle had higher skeletal maturity scores. Steers from the British-Brahman composite breeds had more youthful (P < 0.01) lean color score and overall maturity (P < 0.05) than steers from the Continental-Brahman composite breeds.
Brangus-sired steers had a higher (P < 0.01) degree of marbling than Beefmaster-sired steers (Table 3). However, Crockett et al. (1979) reported that Beefmaster- and Brangus-sired steer carcasses had similar marbling, but steers in their study were on feed for an equal number of days. O’Conner et al. (1997) reported that Red Brangus had a higher degree of marbling than Simbrah when the cattle were fed to a constant fat thickness end point.
Carcasses from Angus had higher (P < 0.05) quality grade than carcasses from Brahman-derivative breeds (Table 3). This difference was mainly the result of lower quality grades of the Beefmaster- and Gelbray-sired steer carcasses. Brangus-sired steer carcasses had higher (P < 0.05) quality grades than Beefmaster-sired carcasses. Damon et al. (1960) reported carcasses of Angus-sired steers had higher quality grades than those of Brangus-sired steers. When fed for the same length of time, Paschal et al. (1995) reported that carcasses from Angus-sired calves graded higher than those of Gray Brahman-sired calves. Additionally, DeRouen et al. (2000) showed that carcasses of Brangus-sired steers had higher marbling scores than those of Gelbray-sired steers. However, Crockett et al. (1979) reported that carcass quality grades were similar for Beefmaster, Brahman, and Brangus sires and Angus dams.
A significant dam breed type effect was noted for Brangus-, Gelbray-, and Simbrah-sired steers (Table 4). When Brangus sires were mated to Brangus dams, carcasses had greater (P < 0.01) amount of marbling and a higher (P < 0.01) quality grade than those from Hereford x Brahman dams. When Gelbray sires were mated to Gelbray dams, the carcasses had larger (P < 0.05) carcass weights than those of Hereford x Brahman dams. When Simbrah sires were mated to Simbrah dams, the carcasses of these progeny were heavier (P < 0.01), and had lower (P < 0.05) skeletal and overall maturity scores than carcasses from the F1 dams.
9 to 11 Rib Composition
Both specific gravity and physical composition of the 9th to 11th rib section indicated that the Angus had lower cutability compared with the four Brahman-derivative breeds (Table 5). Rib sections from Angus steers had lower (P < 0.01) specific gravity values, higher (P < 0.01) fat, and a lower (P < 0.05) lean percentage than rib sections from the four Brahman-derivative breeds. However, Angus carcasses had a lower (P < 0.05) percentage bone in the 9th to 11th rib compared with the composite breeds. Brangus-sired steers had a lower (P < 0.05) percentage lean in the 9th to 11th rib section than the Beefmaster-sired steers. British-Brahman composite breeds had a lower (P < 0.01) percentage lean, and a higher (P < 0.01) percentage bone in the 9th to 11th rib section compared with the Continental-Brahman composite breeds. From the review of Marshall (1994), the British breeds of Angus, Hereford, and Shorthorn (base breeds for Brangus and Beefmaster) had estimated cutability of 49.8% while the Continental breeds of Gelbvieh and Simmental (base breeds for Gelbray and Simbrah) had estimated cutability of 51.5%. These data are consistent with our results and indicate that Gelbray and Simbrah carcasses are higher in cutability than Beefmaster and Brangus.
When Simbrah sires were mated to Simbrah dams, progeny carcasses had less (P < 0.05) fat and more (P < 0.05) lean than carcasses from Simbrah sires mated to Hereford x Brahman dams (Table 6). These data help confirm that the purebred Simbrah steers were heavier muscled and higher in cutability than the Simbrah crossbred steers.
Shear Force and Sensory Data
There were no differences among breed groups for shear force of the LM when the steaks were aged for 3 d (Table 7). However, steaks from Angus steers had lower (P < 0.01) shear force values and higher (P < 0.01) sensory tenderness scores than steaks from steers sired by Brahman-derivative breeds when aged for 10 d. Earlier work had shown that beef from Angus cattle was more tender than beef from Brahman and Brahman x Angus (Luckett et al., 1975; Peacock et al., 1982).
There was a dam breed effect for 3 and 10 d shear force for Brangus-sired steers (data not shown). Shear force values of steaks were lower (P < 0.05) at both 3 d (5.5 vs 6.9 kg) and 10 d (4.2 vs 5.2 kg) from progeny of Brangus dams compared with progeny of Hereford x Brahman dams.
Before 1990, most tenderness measurements were obtained after the steaks had been aged for approximately 7 d and tenderness values were usually only reported for one aging time (Damon et al., 1960; Luckett et al., 1975; Koch et al., 1982). However, Johnson et al. (1990b) reported that steaks from 1/2 or 3/4 Brahman cattle aged at a slower rate from 1 to 10 d than steaks from Angus or 1/4 Brahman breeding. These results were confirmed by Whipple et al. (1990), who reported that beef from 5/8 Sahiwal cattle did not have the same rate of tenderization as meat from Hereford x Angus. At 1 d postmortem, shear values were similar, but, after 14 d of aging, steaks from the Hereford x Angus were considerably more tender than steaks from the Sahiwal cattle. These authors indicated that both breed types had similar amounts of µ- and m-calpains, but the 5/8 Sahiwal cattle had higher levels of the protease inhibitor calpastatin. Numerous studies have shown a positive relationship between calpastatin levels and meat toughness (Johnson et al., 1990a; Wheeler et al., 1990; Shackelford et al., 1991). Pringle et al. (1997) reported that calpastatin activity increased linearly with increasing percentage of Brahman breeding. Results from the present study appear to conform to previous published research that beef from Brahman-based breeds undergo less extensive postmortem tenderization, resulting in less tender steaks even after 10 d of aging.
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Implications
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All four of the Brahman-derivative breeds in this study produced desirable beef carcasses with only small differences in cutability and carcass quality. Beefmaster, Brangus, Gelbray, and Simbrah can be used successfully as purebreds or in a crossbreeding program in the Gulf Coast Region without sacrificing beef quality or cutability. Steaks from Beefmaster, Brangus, Gelbray, and Simbrah carcasses require additional aging time as compared to steaks from Angus carcasses.
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Footnotes
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1 Approved for publication by the director of the Louisiana Agric. Exp. Sta. as manuscript no. 01-11-0521. 
Received for publication October 5, 2001.
Accepted for publication March 28, 2002.
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Abstract
Introduction
