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Effects of diets with cereal grains contaminated by graded levels of two Fusarium toxins on selected immunological and histological measurements in the spleen of gilts^1,2

U. Tiemann^*,3, K.-P. Brüssow^*, L. Jonas, R. Pöhland^*, F. Schneider^* and S. Dänicke

^* Unit of Reproductive Biology, FBN Research Institute for the Biology of Farm Animals, Dummerstorf, Germany; and Electron Microscopic Center, University of Rostock, Germany; and and Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Agriculture Research Center (FAL), Braunschweig, Germany

³ Corresponding author: tiemann{at}fbn-dummerstorf.de

Feeding experiments with diets containing Fusarium toxin-contaminated wheat were conducted to clarify the pathogenesis of immunological effects of Fusarium toxins to porcine spleen cells. Contaminated diets were fed to 36 Landrace prepubertal gilts for 35 d. Concentrations (as-fed basis) of the indicator toxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON), respectively, were 210 and 4 (control—group I), 3,070 and 88 (group II), 6,100 and 235 (group III), and 9,570 and 358 µg/kg (group IV). No signs of hyperestrogenism or uterotrophic effects were observed because of dietary treatments. The feeding of mycotoxin-contaminated diets did not cause gross pathological findings in the spleens of animals. In vivo, no inhibitory effects were detected on concanavalin A-stimulation of blood lymphocytes; however, the proliferation rate of splenocytes was inhibited (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the diet with the highest DON/ZON concentration. With in vitro studies, lower proliferation rates of blood lymphocytes and splenocytes preexposed to DON were detected. Serum IgA concentrations of pigs in group II were increased (P < 0.05) compared with the baseline value before feeding the DON/ZON diet. The histopathological data indicated elevated (P < 0.05) iron staining in the red pulp of spleens in gilts from groups I to IV after 35 d of feeding. The presence of hemosiderin particles in the spleen sections was confirmed by transmission electron microscopic investigation. Together, the results provide evidence of spleen dysfunction (hemosiderosis) in the absence of clinical signs, especially in pigs fed higher concentrations (groups III and IV) of Fusarium toxin-contaminated wheat.

Key Words: deoxynivalenol • Fusarium toxin • immunity • pig • spleen • zearalenone