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ANIMAL NUTRITION |
* Department of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Denmark and
and
Department of Animal Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546
2 Correspondence: Blichers Allé D20, DK-8830 Tjele (phone: +45-8999-1109; fax: +45-8999-1166; e-mail: nbk{at}agrsci.dk).
Six steers fitted with a ruminal cannula and chronic indwelling catheters in the mesenteric artery, mesenteric vein, hepatic portal vein, hepatic vein, as well as in the right ruminal vein were used to study metabolism of VFA absorbed from buffers in the emptied and washed reticulorumen. [2-13C]Acetate was infused into a jugular vein to study portal-drained visceral (PDV) uptake of arterial acetate, hepatic unidirectional uptake of acetate, and whole-body irreversible loss rate (ILR). Isobutyrate was infused into the right ruminal vein to calibrate VFA fluxes measured in the portal vein. On sampling days, the rumen was emptied and incubated in sequence with a 0-buffer (bicarbonate buffer without VFA), a VFA-buffer plus continuous intraruminal infusion of VFA, and finally another 0-buffer. Ruminal VFA absorption was determined as VFA uptake from the VFA-buffer and metabolic effects determined as the difference between metabolite fluxes with VFA-buffer and 0-buffers. Steady absorption rates of VFA were maintained during VFA-buffer incubations (4 h; 592 ± 16, 257 ± 5, 127 ± 2, 17 ± <1, 20 ± <1 mmol/h, respectively, of acetate, propionate, butyrate, isovalerate, and valerate). The portal flux of acetate corrected for PDV uptake of arterial acetate accounted for 105 ± 3% of the acetate absorption from the rumen, and the net portal flux of propionate accounted for 91 ± 2% of propionate absorption. Considerably less butyrate (27 ± 3%) and valerate (30 ± 3%) could be accounted for in the portal vein. The sum of portal VFA and 3-hydroxybutyrate as well as lactate represented 99 ± 3% of total VFA acetyl units and 103 ± 2% of VFA propionyl units. Estimates are maximum because no accounting was made for lactate derived from glycolysis in the PDV. The net splanchnic flux of VFA, lactate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and glucose accounted for 64 ± 2% of VFA acetyl units and 34 ± 5% of VFA propionyl units. Results indicate that there is a low "first-pass" uptake of acetate and propionate in the ruminal epithelium of cattle, whereas butyrate and valerate are extensively metabolized, though seemingly not oxidized to carbon dioxide in the epithelium but repackaged into acetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and perhaps other metabolites. When PDV "second-pass" uptake of arterial nutrients is accounted for, PDV fluxes of VFA, lactate, and 3-hydroxybutyrate represent VFA production in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby VFA availability to the ruminant animal.
Key Words: Blood Flow • Cattle • Energy Metabolism • Volatile Fatty Acids
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