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Effects of rancidity and free fatty acids in choice white grease on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weanling pigs¹

Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-0201

² Correspondence: 244 Weber Hall (phone: 785-532-1230; fax: 785-532-7059; e-mail: jhancock{at}oznet.ksu.edu).

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of rancidity and FFA in choice white grease (CWG) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in nursery pigs. In Exp. 1, 150 crossbred pigs (average initial BW of 6.8 kg and average initial age of 21 d) were used. Treatments (as-fed basis) were a corn-soybean meal-based control with no added fat, 6% CWG, and 6% CWG heated at 80°C, with oxygen gas bubbled through it at 849 mL/min for 5, 7, 9, or 11 d. Peroxide value for the CWG increased as oxidative exposure was increased from 0 to 7 d (i.e., peroxide values of 1, 40, and 105 mEq/kg for d 0, 5, and 7, respectively), but decreased to 1 mEq/kg as the hydroperoxides decomposed after 9 and 11 d of oxidation. Pigs fed the control diet (no added fat) had the same (P = 0.91) overall ADG (d 0 to 35) but lower G:F (P < 0.04) than pigs fed diets with added fat. As for the effects of fat quality, ADG (linear effect, P < 0.01) and ADFI (linear effect, P < 0.001) decreased as the fat was made more rancid. However, there were no changes in digestibility of fatty acids as the rancidity of the fat was increased (P = 0.16), suggesting that the negative effects of rancidity were from decreased food intake and not decreased nutrient utilization. In Exp. 2, 125 crossbred pigs (average initial BW of 6.2 kg and average initial age of 21 d) were used to determine the effects of FFA in CWG on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility in nursery pigs. Treatments (as-fed basis) were a corn-soybean meal-based control with no added fat, 6% CWG, and 6% CWG that had been treated with 872, 1,752 or 2,248 lipase units/g of fat. The FFA concentrations in the CWG were increased from 2% with no lipase added to 18, 35, and 53% as lipase additions were increased. Pigs fed the control diet (no added fat) had the same (P = 0.30) overall ADG (d 0 to 33) but lower G:F (P < 0.01) than pigs fed diets with added fat. There were no effects of FFA concentration on ADG (P = 0.18), and ADFI increased (linear effect, P < 0.04) as FFA concentration in the CWG increased. Fatty acid digestibility was not affected (P = 0.17) by FFA in the diet. In conclusion, our data suggest that as fat is oxidized (especially to peroxide values greater than 40 mEq/kg), ADG and ADFI in nursery pigs will decrease; however, FFA concentrations of at least 53% do not adversely affect utilization of CWG in nursery pigs.

Key Words: Fat Quality • Free Fatty Acids • Pigs • Rancidity