| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
ANIMAL NUTRITION |
* Institute of Animal Nutrition, Physiology and Metabolism, Christian-Albrechts-University, 24098 Kiel, Germany and
and
Institute of Animal Nutrition, Hohenheim University, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
2 Correspondence—phone: +49-431-880-2013; fax: +49-431-880-1528; e-mail: susenbeth{at}aninut.uni-kiel.de.
Abstract
Energy requirements for ingestion and standing were determined in open-circuit respiration chambers with four ruminally cannulated German Red Pied steers weighing 617 ± 53 kg of BW (mean ± SD). The requirement for standing over lying was derived by regressing heat production on time spent standing within 2-h periods when no feed was offered to avoid any interference with eating activity, and amounted to 14 kJ/(d•kg of BW). The energy requirement for ingestion was determined by calculating the difference between heat production during a 2-h period without feed and during a consecutive 2-h period in which straw of different particle sizes, fresh and conserved grass, or rolled barley were offered for ad libitum intake. Before measurements, the rumens of the steers were emptied, washed, and filled with a buffer solution to avoid heat production by metabolism of absorbed nutrients from the feed ingested during the experimental periods. The mean value for all feeds tested was 20 J/(min of ingestion • kg BW). Relating heat production to the amount of DM or fiber ingested did not decrease variation among feeds. This confirms the observations of earlier studies, that energy requirement for ingestion is mainly determined by time spent eating. Results of additional measurements, in which the same amounts of the respective feeds ingested in preceding periods were put into the emptied rumens via the cannulas, showed that the presence of the feed in the rumen did not increase heat production, indicating that the increment of heat production during eating is mainly caused by ingesting and chewing the feed. Further measurements in the same animals with an ingesta-filled rumen showed that ingestion of straw led to an increase in heat production per minute of chewing similar to those with emptied rumens, which confirms the validity of the experimental procedure using ruminally emptied animals to determine the energy requirement for ingestion.
Key Words: Cattle • Energy Cost of Activities • Energy Requirements • Ingestion • Rumen
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  G. I. Zanton and A. J. Heinrichs Review: Limit-Feeding with Altered Forage-to-Concentrate Levels in Dairy Heifer Diets Professional Animal Scientist, August 1, 2009; 25(4): 393 - 403. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Derno, H.-G. Elsner, E.-A. Paetow, H. Scholze, and M. Schweigel Technical note: A new facility for continuous respiration measurements in lactating cows J Dairy Sci, June 1, 2009; 92(6): 2804 - 2808. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. N. Keren and B. E. Olson Thermal balance of cattle grazing winter range: Model application J Anim Sci, May 1, 2006; 84(5): 1238 - 1247. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Derno, W. Jentsch, M. Schweigel, S. Kuhla, C. C. Metges, and H.-D. Matthes Measurements of heat production for estimation of maintenance energy requirements of Hereford steers J Anim Sci, November 1, 2005; 83(11): 2590 - 2597. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
