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University of Nebraska, Northeast Research and Extension Center, Concord 68728
2 Correspondence: Haskell Agricultural Laboratory, 57905 866 Rd. (phone: 402-584-2812; fax: 402-584-2859; E-mail: tmader{at}unlnotes.unl.edu).
The performance, health, and well being of cattle are strongly affected by climate. Almost annually, heat waves and/or periods of severe winter weather cause significant losses in one or more regions of the United States. In the past 10 yr, economic losses in the feedlot industry alone averaged between $10 million to $20 million/year as a result of adverse climatic conditions. For each animal that dies from climatic stress, corresponding economic losses approach $5,000 due to mortality and associated live animal performance losses. Management systems are needed that incorporate information and guidelines regarding cattle responses to weather challenges. Altering the microclimate by providing protection from the environment is one of the most useful tools to help animals cope with climatic conditions. For most cattle, facilities and management programs do not need to eliminate environmental stress completely, but rather minimize the severity of the environmental challenge and aid the animal in adapting to it. Inexpensive management alternatives, such as the use of bedding in winter or sprinklers in summer, need to be considered. When designing or modifying facilities, it is important that changes made to minimize impact of the environment in one season do not result in adverse effects on animals in another season. For instance, using permanent wind barriers to minimize cold stress in the winter for feedlot cattle may require that shade or sprinklers be provided in the summer to minimize heat stress. In addition to facility changes, dietary manipulation may be beneficial for cattle challenged by environmental conditions.
Key Words: Beef Cattle • Environment • Feed Intake • Management Alternatives • Stress
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