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Journal of Animal Science, Vol 76, Issue 1 275-286, Copyright © 1998 by American Society of Animal Science

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Acidosis in cattle: a review

F. N. Owens, D. S. Secrist, W. J. Hill and D. R. Gill
Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Animal Science Department, Stillwater 74078, USA.

Acute and chronic acidosis, conditions that follow ingestion of excessive amounts of readily fermented carbohydrate, are prominent production problems for ruminants fed diets rich in concentrate. Often occurring during adaptation to concentrate-rich diets in feedyards, chronic acidosis may continue during the feeding period. With acute acidosis, ruminal acidity and osmolality increase markedly as acids and glucose accumulate; these can damage the ruminal and intestinal wall, decrease blood pH, and cause dehydration that proves fatal. Laminitis, polioencephalomalacia, and liver abscesses often accompany acidosis. Even after animals recover from a bout of acidosis, nutrient absorption may be retarded. With chronic acidosis, feed intake typically is reduced but variable, and performance is depressed, probably due to hypertonicity of digesta. Acidosis control measures include feed additives that inhibit microbial strains that produce lactate, that stimulate activity of lactate-using bacteria or starch-engulfing ruminal protozoa, and that reduce meal size. Inoculation with microbial strains capable of preventing glucose or lactate accumulation or metabolizing lactate at a low pH should help prevent acidosis. Feeding higher amounts of dietary roughage, processing grains less thoroughly, and limiting the quantity of feed should reduce the incidence of acidosis, but these practices often depress performance and economic efficiency. Continued research concerning grain processing, dietary cation-anion balance, narrow-spectrum antibiotics, glucose or lactate utilizing microbes, and feeding management (limit or program feeding) should yield new methods for reducing the incidence of acute and chronic acidosis.


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D. Remond, J. I. Cabrera-Estrada, M. Champion, B. Chauveau, R. Coudure, and C. Poncet
Effect of Corn Particle Size on Site and Extent of Starch Digestion in Lactating Dairy Cows
J Dairy Sci, May 1, 2004; 87(5): 1389 - 1399.
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T. Mutsvangwa, J. K. G. Kramer, C. B. Blackadar, T. F. Duffield, R. Bagg, P. Dick, G. Vessie, and B. W. McBride
Short Communication: Effects of a Monensin Premix on Milk Fatty Acid Content During Subacute Ruminal Acidosis in Dairy Cows
J Dairy Sci, December 1, 2003; 86(12): 4043 - 4046.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J ANIM SCIHome page
J. J. Sindt, J. S. Drouillard, E. C. Titgemeyer, S. P. Montgomery, C. M. Coetzer, T. B. Farran, J. N. Pike, J. J. Higgins, and R. T. Ethington
Wet corn gluten feed and alfalfa hay combinations in steam-flaked corn finishing cattle diets
J Anim Sci, December 1, 2003; 81(12): 3121 - 3129.
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J. M. Calberry, J. C. Plaizier, M. S. Einarson, and B. W. McBride
Effects of Replacing Chopped Alfalfa Hay with Alfalfa Silage in a Total Mixed Ration on Production and Rumen Conditions of Lactating Dairy Cows
J Dairy Sci, November 1, 2003; 86(11): 3611 - 3619.
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K. A. Beauchemin, W. Z. Yang, D. P. Morgavi, G. R. Ghorbani, W. Kautz, and J. A. Z. Leedle
Effects of bacterial direct-fed microbials and yeast on site and extent of digestion, blood chemistry, and subclinical ruminal acidosis in feedlot cattle
J Anim Sci, June 1, 2003; 81(6): 1628 - 1640.
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K. M. Koenig, K. A. Beauchemin, and L. M. Rode
Effect of grain processing and silage on microbial protein synthesis and nutrient digestibility in beef cattle fed barley-based diets
J Anim Sci, April 1, 2003; 81(4): 1057 - 1067.
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L. Majdoub, M. Vermorel, and I. Ortigues-Marty
Ryegrass-based diet and barley supplementation: Partition of energy-yielding nutrients among splanchnic tissues and hind limbs in finishing lambs
J Anim Sci, April 1, 2003; 81(4): 1068 - 1079.
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M. L. Galyean and P. J. Defoor
Effects of roughage source and level on intake by feedlot cattle
J Anim Sci, February 1, 2003; 81(14_suppl_2): E8 - 16.
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K. S. Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K. A. Beauchemin, D. J. Gibb, D. H. Crews Jr., D. D. Hickman, M. Streeter, and T. A. McAllister
Effect of bunk management on feeding behavior, ruminal acidosis and performance of feedlot cattle: A review
J Anim Sci, February 1, 2003; 81(14_suppl_2): E149 - 158.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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S. Rigout, C. Hurtaud, S. Lemosquet, A. Bach, and H. Rulquin
Lactational Effect of Propionic Acid and Duodenal Glucose in Cows
J Dairy Sci, January 1, 2003; 86(1): 243 - 253.
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J. E. Nocek, W. P. Kautz, J. A. Z. Leedle, and E. Block
Direct-Fed Microbial Supplementation on the Performance of Dairy Cattle During the Transition Period
J Dairy Sci, January 1, 2003; 86(1): 331 - 335.
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J. E. Keunen, J. C. Plaizier, L. Kyriazakis, T. F. Duffield, T. M. Widowski, M. I. Lindinger, and B. W. McBride
Effects of a Subacute Ruminal Acidosis Model on the Diet Selection of Dairy Cows
J Dairy Sci, December 1, 2002; 85(12): 3304 - 3313.
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T. Mutsvangwa, J. P. Walton, J. C. Plaizier, T. F. Duffield, R. Bagg, P. Dick, G. Vessie, and B. W. McBride
Effects of a Monensin Controlled-Release Capsule or Premix on Attenuation of Subacute Ruminal Acidosis in Dairy Cows
J Dairy Sci, December 1, 2002; 85(12): 3454 - 3461.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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G. Gabel and J. R. Aschenbach
Influence of food deprivation on the transport of 3-O-methyl-{alpha}-D-glucose across the isolated ruminal epithelium of sheep
J Anim Sci, October 1, 2002; 80(10): 2740 - 2746.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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J. M. DeFrain, J. E. Shirley, E. C. Titgemeyer, A. F. Park, and R. T. Ethington
Impact of Feeding a Raw Soybean Hull-Condensed Corn Steep Liquor Pellet on Induced Subacute Ruminal Acidosis in Lactating Cows
J Dairy Sci, August 1, 2002; 85(8): 2000 - 2008.
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G. R. Ghorbani, D. P. Morgavi, K. A. Beauchemin, and J. A. Z. Leedle
Effects of bacterial direct-fed microbials on ruminal fermentation, blood variables, and the microbial populations of feedlot cattle
J Anim Sci, July 1, 2002; 80(7): 1977 - 1985.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Nutr.Home page
J. R. Aschenbach, T. Borau, and G. Gabel
Glucose Uptake via SGLT-1 Is Stimulated by {beta}2-Adrenoceptors in the Ruminal Epithelium of Sheep
J. Nutr., June 1, 2002; 132(6): 1254 - 1257.
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 Appl. Environ. Microbiol.Home page
K. Tajima, R. I. Aminov, T. Nagamine, H. Matsui, M. Nakamura, and Y. Benno
Diet-Dependent Shifts in the Bacterial Population of the Rumen Revealed with Real-Time PCR
Appl. Envir. Microbiol., June 1, 2001; 67(6): 2766 - 2774.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 ScienceHome page
J. B. Russell and J. L. Rychlik
Factors That Alter Rumen Microbial Ecology
Science, May 11, 2001; 292(5519): 1119 - 1122.
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