Journal of Animal Science, Vol 75, Issue 7 1773-1783, Copyright © 1997 by American Society of Animal Science

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Regulation of metabolism and growth during immune challenge: an overview of cytokine function

M. E. Spurlock
Purina Mills, Inc., St. Louis, MO 63144, USA.

Commercially reared food animals encounter serial pathogenic and nonpathogenic immune challenges throughout production. Because of the diversion of nutrients away from growth in support of immune-related processes, immune challenge is considered a major obstacle to animals' achieving their genetic potential for growth or efficiency of gain. Scientists now recognize that many metabolic processes respond directly or indirectly to proinflammatory cytokines. This cytokine-mediated "reprogramming" of metabolism is a homeorhetic mechanism that ensures an adequate supply of nutrients for proliferation of lymphocyte and macrophage populations, antibody production, and hepatic synthesis of acute phase proteins. Proinflammatory cytokines have been linked to altered nutrient uptake and utilization. Anabolic processes are interrupted, and companion catabolic activities are amplified. Furthermore, cytokines may influence prenatal growth and development, and to the extent that postnatal proliferation and differentiation of myogenic and adipogenic cells contribute to postnatal growth, cytokine regulation of these events may ultimately influence growth. The following discussion is an overview of the impact of immune challenge and proinflammatory cytokines on metabolism and growth.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				D. Xie, Z. X. Wang, Y. L. Dong, J. Cao, J. F. Wang, J. L. Chen, and Y. X. Chen Effects of Monochromatic Light on Immune Response of Broilers Poult. Sci., August 1, 2008; 87(8): 1535 - 1539. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Liu, Y. J. Ru, A. J. Cowieson, F. D. Li, and X. CH. Cheng Effects of Phytate and Phytase on the Performance and Immune Function of Broilers Fed Nutritionally Marginal Diets Poult. Sci., June 1, 2008; 87(6): 1105 - 1111. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. K. Gabler and M. E. Spurlock Integrating the immune system with the regulation of growth and efficiency J Anim Sci, April 1, 2008; 86(14_suppl): E64 - E74. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D. Lippolis Immunological signaling networks: Integrating the body's immune response J Anim Sci, April 1, 2008; 86(14_suppl): E53 - E63. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. N. Fraser, B. L. Davis, K. A. Skjolaas, T. E. Burkey, S. S. Dritz, B. J. Johnson, and J. E. Minton Effects of feeding Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium or serovar Choleraesuis on growth performance and circulating insulin-like growth factor-I, tumor necrosis factor-{alpha}, and interleukin-1{beta} in weaned pigs J Anim Sci, May 1, 2007; 85(5): 1161 - 1167. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Li, D. F. Li, J. J. Xing, Z. B. Cheng, and C. H. Lai Effects of {beta}-glucan extracted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth performance, and immunological and somatotropic responses of pigs challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide J Anim Sci, September 1, 2006; 84(9): 2374 - 2381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. K. Jacobi, N. K. Gabler, K. M. Ajuwon, J. E. Davis, and M. E. Spurlock Adipocytes, myofibers, and cytokine biology: New horizons in the regulation of growth and body composition J Anim Sci, April 1, 2006; 84(13_suppl): E140 - E. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. F. Mao, X. S. Piao, C. H. Lai, D. F. Li, J. J. Xing, and B. L. Shi Effects of {beta}-glucan obtained from the Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus and lipopolysaccharide challenge on performance, immunological, adrenal, and somatotropic responses of weanling pigs J Anim Sci, December 1, 2005; 83(12): 2775 - 2782. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. J. Johnson, S. S. Dritz, K. A. Skjolaas-Wilson, T. E. Burkey, and J. E. Minton Interactive responses in gut immunity, and systemic and local changes in the insulin-like growth factor system in nursery pigs in response to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium J Anim Sci, June 1, 2005; 83(13_suppl): E48 - 56. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. E. Davis, C. V. Maxwell, G. F. Erf, D. C. Brown, and T. J. Wistuba Dietary supplementation with phosphorylated mannans improves growth response and modulates immune function of weanling pigs J Anim Sci, June 1, 2004; 82(6): 1882 - 1891. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. E. Davis, D. C. Brown, C. V. Maxwell, Z. B. Johnson, E. B. Kegley, and R. A. Dvorak Effect of phosphorylated mannans and pharmacological additions of zinc oxide on growth and immunocompetence of weanling pigs J Anim Sci, February 1, 2004; 82(2): 581 - 587. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. R. Waldron, T. Nishida, B. J. Nonnecke, and T. R. Overton Effect of Lipopolysaccharide on Indices of Peripheral and Hepatic Metabolism in Lactating Cows J Dairy Sci, November 1, 2003; 86(11): 3447 - 3459. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. A. Armstrong and J. W. Spears Effect of boron supplementation of pig diets on the production of tumor necrosis factor-{alpha} and interferon-{gamma} J Anim Sci, October 1, 2003; 81(10): 2552 - 2561. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. W. Frank, J. A. Carroll, G. L. Allee, and M. E. Zannelli The effects of thermal environment and spray-dried plasma on the acute-phase response of pigs challenged with lipopolysaccharide J Anim Sci, May 1, 2003; 81(5): 1166 - 1176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. E. Davis, C. V. Maxwell, D. C. Brown, B. Z. de Rodas, Z. B. Johnson, E. B. Kegley, D. H. Hellwig, and R. A. Dvorak Effect of dietary mannan oligosaccharides and(or) pharmacological additions of copper sulfate on growth performance and immunocompetence of weanling and growing/finishing pigs J Anim Sci, November 1, 2002; 80(11): 2887 - 2894. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Kushibiki, K. Hodate, H. Shingu, T. Hayashi, E. Touno, M. Shinoda, and Y. Yokomizo Alterations in lipid metabolism induced by recombinant bovine tumor necrosis factor-alpha administration to dairy heifers J Anim Sci, August 1, 2002; 80(8): 2151 - 2157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. D. Humphrey, N. Huang, and K. C. Klasing Rice Expressing Lactoferrin and Lysozyme Has Antibiotic-Like Properties When Fed to Chicks J. Nutr., June 1, 2002; 132(6): 1214 - 1218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. M. Filipov, F. N. Thompson, J. A. Stuedemann, T. H. Elsasser, S. Kahl, L. H. Stanker, C. R. Young, D. L. Dawe, and C. K. Smith Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ergotamine in Steers Experimental Biology and Medicine, November 1, 2000; 225(2): 136 - 142. [Abstract] [Full Text]