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Heat-Processed Small Red Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris) in Diets for Young Pigs^1,2,3,

Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6320

Abstract

A 4-wk ad libitum feeding experiment and a 3x3 Latin square balance trial were conducted to evaluate the use of raw, autoclaved (121 C for 15 min) or extruded (150 C for 16 s) small red beans (recleaned culls) in diets for young pigs. In the ad libitum experiment, the inclusion of 15% raw red beans in a corn-soybean meal basal diet decreased rate (P<.01) and efficiency (P<.01) of weight gain; reduced pancreatic trypsin, chymotrypsin and amylase activities (P<.05) and serum alkaline phosphatase activity (P<.01); lowered serum albumin concentration (P<.05); increased liver weight as a percentage of body weight (P<.10) and serum urea concentration (P<.01); and had no effect on pancreatic weight as a percentage of body weight. Autoclaving or extruding the red beans completely overcame these detrimental effects. The inclusion of 40% autoclaved or extruded red beans in the basal diet decreased (P<.05) daily weight gain, but only the 40% autoclaved red bean diet resulted in increased (P<.05) feed to gain ratio. Methionine supplementation of the 40% autoclaved red bean diet resulted in a feed to gain ratio that was similar to that of pigs fed the basal diet; however, daily weight gain was still slightly depressed (P<.10). In the balance trial, the feeding of diets in which all the protein was supplied by either extruded or autoclaved red beans resulted in lower apparent digestibilities of crude protein (P<.01), total S (P<.01) and most individual amino acids (P<.05), especially methionine and cystine; higher (P<.05) urinary N and sulfate excretion; and lower (P<.01) N retention than the feeding of a diet in which all the dietary protein was supplied by dehulled soybean meal. Extrusion of the red beans resulted in higher apparent digestibilities of crude protein (P<.01), total S (P< .05), lysine, threonine, isoleucine and all other amino acids (P<.05) measured except methionine, cystine and alanine and higher N retention (P<.05) than autoclaving. Extrusion is not only a practical method of heat processing, but is at least as effective as autoclaving in decreasing the growth depressing effects of raw cull beans for swine diets.

¹ Scientific Paper No. 5977. College of Agriculture Research Center, Washington State Univ., Project 0372. Dept. of Anim. Sci.

² This study was supported in part by grants from Triple F Feeds, Inc., Des Moines, IA and the Pacific Northwest Swine Research Committee (PNWSRC), Colfax, WA. Feed and pigs were provided by the PNWSRC.

³ The cooperation of L. E. Rierson and L. J. Hanson of Triple F Feeds and the technical assistance of D. C. Honeyfield, P. N. Alexander and M. H. Pubols are gratefully acknowledged.

⁴ Present address: Univ. of Florida, IFAS, Agr. Res. Center, Marianna 32446.