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Bone Lesions in Growing Swine Fed 3% Cement Kiln Dust as a Source of Calcium¹

US Department of Agriculture, Roman L. Hruska US Meat Animal Research Center, P. O. Box 166, Clay Center, NE 68933 and Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853

Abstract

Cement kiln dust (CKD), samples of which have been reported to stimulate growth in cattle and sheep, was fed to weanling pigs in a 42-d experiment. CKD at levels of 1.5 and 3.0% was added to a corn-soybean meal-oats-whey-type diet containing inadequate amounts of Ca (.4% of the diet) to provide final dietary Ca levels of .85 and 1.3%. A diet containing 3% limestone (1.3% dietary Ca) served as a positive control. Body weight gain was depressed by 3.0% CKD, and histopathological lesions of the humerus, not typical of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism or rickets, were observed. The lesions detected were osteonecrosis, thinning of the cortex and reduction in the width of the epiphyseal cartilage. Width of the proximal epiphyseal plate and cortical index of the humerus (width of cortex divided by total diameter at narrowest point of diaphysis) were smaller in pigs fed 3% CKD than in pigs fed 3% limestone. CKD contained 2.3% Al, 15 ppm Cd and 110 ppm Pb, providing 690, .45 and 3.3 ppm of Al, Cd and Pb, respectively, in the diet containing 3% CKD. Kidney, liver and bone ash concentrations of these three minerals were not increased by CKD, and typical toxicity signs were absent. It is concluded that CKD may contain one or more factors that interfere with normal bone metabolism in growing pigs when the diet contains 3.0% CKD.

Key Words: Bone Lesions • Cement Kiln • Dust • Calcium • Swine

¹ The authors acknowledge R. Lindvall, Lee Lansford, Wayne Peshek and Jenell Dague for animal care; Scott McDowell and Dale Janssen for analytical work, and Peggy Green and Sherry Hanson for stenographic work.

² USDA, SEA, AR, Clay Center, NE 68933.

³ Present address: Dept. of Agr. Chem., Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln.

⁴ Dept. of Pathol., New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.